St. Basil’s Cathedral

We spend a short time exploring Moscow, Russia before boarding the first train (Moscow - Irkutsk) on our trans-Siberian railway trip to Mongolia and China. We visit the famous Red Square of Moskva and check out the incredibly beautiful Metro Stations on Moscow's subway mass-transit system.

We reach the Aeroflot check-in counters at Washington Dulles international airport and present our passports with Russian visas and our itinerary at one of the desks. The Aeroflot representative at the counter examines our documents and seems a bit confused. She asks us to wait and disappears for a while, returning with a manager. It turns out they are looking for a flight reservation out of Russia which we do not have since we will depart Russia by train at the Mongolian border after crossing Russia on the Trans-Siberian Railway route's Trans-Mongolian Railway offshoot towards Ulaanbaatar (Ulan Bator), Mongolia and Beijing, China. We present whatever train tickets we have at that point and are allowed to board the airplane to Moscow.

Moscow to Irkutsk Train Ticket (Electronic Voucher)

Our Aeroflot flights finally reach Sheremetyevo Alexander S. Pushkin International Airport, Moscow. We see the Moskva river from our taxi on the way to our hotel.

The Moskva River's banks were among the first places where people settled in the region, due to their proximity to water resources and fertile land. River Moskva (река Москва) became a vital trade route, connecting Moscow to other parts of Russia and beyond. Goods were transported along the river on barges and boats.

The Moskva flows through Moscow

The Moskva River (Москва-река) symbolized the power and prestige of the Russian tsars, who built their palaces and fortifications along its shores. The river played a key role in Moscow's industrialization, providing water power for factories and mills.

Moskva flowing through Moscow

We check into the Katerina City Hotel (Катерина Сити) which seems to be a popular place for international tourists.

Katerina City Hotel

The Katerina City Hotel is located in a central yet tranquil area of Moscow, offering convenient access to both the city's bustling business districts and key cultural attractions.

Katerina City Hotel

The hotel is situated in the Paveletskaya District, close to the banks of the Moskva River.

2-Y Shlyuzovoy Most Peshekhodnyy Bridge on Moskva River at Katerina City Hotel

The hotel is just a short walk from Paveletskaya Metro Station, making it easy to explore Moscow's extensive metro system and reach major landmarks like Red Square and the Kremlin within minutes.

Moskva River at Katerina City Hotel

The Katerina's proximity to Paveletsky Railway Station, which provides direct express train services to Domodedovo International Airport, also makes it a prime location for travelers.

View of Moskva River and Moscow from our room at Katerina City Hotel

Additionally, the nearby river embankment and quiet streets provide a peaceful setting for evening walks, away from the more crowded parts of the city.

View of Moskva River and Moscow from our room at Katerina City Hotel

After checking into the hotel, we stop for a quick and delicious breakfast of chowder soup, sausages, hash browns, eggs and cappuccino at Alex Bar (Алекс-бар) adjacent to it.

Breakfast

We walk down to Metro Paveletskaya (Метро Павелецкая) subway station and take the Moscow subway train to Okhotnyy ryad (Охотный ряд) metro station.

Paveletskaya Metro Station: escalator down to platforms

A short walk down and we are in the Red Square in front of St. Basil's Cathedral (Храм Василия Блаженного).

Krasnaya ploshad ("Red Square" or "Beautiful Square")

Moscow City Center

Downtown Moscow around Manezhnaya Ulitsa (Manege Street) is a vibrant and picturesque area that reflects the city's rich history and grandeur. The street is located near some of Moscow's most iconic landmarks, including Red Square, the Kremlin and the expansive Alexander Garden.

Central Moscow around Manezhnaya Ulitsa

The architecture around Manezhnaya Ulitsa blends 19th-century neoclassical buildings with modern developments, offering a captivating mix of old and new.

Central Moscow around Manege Street

The area is characterized by wide, bustling avenues lined with elegant buildings, luxury shops, cafes and restaurants, attracting locals and tourists alike.

Moscow City Center around Manezhnaya Ulitsa

Nearby, the State Historical Museum and the Moscow Manege (exhibition hall) add to the cultural charm. The Manezhnaya Square, a popular gathering spot, features fountains, lush greenery and the beautiful Four Seasons Fountain sculpture (see below).

Downtown Moscow around Manezhnaya Ulitsa (Manege Street)

In the evening, the area transforms as lights illuminate the grand facades of surrounding structures, creating a magical atmosphere in the heart of Moscow.

Kremlin and Red Square

"Kremlin" (Кремль) is a Russian word for "Fortress inside the City". In the context of the Kremlin of Moscow, the reference is to the fortified complex of buildings in Moscow that has served as the official residence of the Russian rulers for centuries. The "Moscow Kremlin" (Московский Кремль) is now often used metaphorically to represent the Russian government or its policies. "Красная площадь" (Krasnaya Ploschad) is the Russian name for Red Square, the large public space located between the Kremlin Wall and GUM department store. Red Square is famous for its historical significance and iconic landmarks, including the Kremlin, St. Basil's Cathedral and Lenin's Mausoleum.

Moscow Kremlin

St. Basil’s Cathedral, officially known as the Cathedral of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos on the Moat, is of course the iconic landmark in Moscow, located on Red Square in the Kremlin area. In countless movies, St. Basil’s immediately communicates the location as Moscow as well as the Capitol does for Washington, DC, the Colosseum for Rome and the Eiffel tower for Paris.

St. Basil’s Cathedral

St. Basil’s was commissioned by Tsar Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible) between 1555 and 1561 to commemorate his victory over the Khanate of Kazan. The cathedral was constructed by architects Postnik Yakovlev and Barma, though legends say Ivan had them blinded afterward to prevent them from creating anything as magnificent elsewhere.

St. Basil’s Cathedral

The cathedral's architecture is an extraordinary blend of Russian medieval design, Byzantine influences and wooden folk architecture. Its vibrant, colorful onion domes are the most recognizable feature, each representing a different church inside the cathedral. The central tented roof is surrounded by eight smaller chapels, each crowned with its own unique dome, giving the cathedral its symmetrical and mesmerizing appearance.

St. Basil’s Cathedral

The asymmetric layout and brilliant colors of the domes were added later in the 17th century, adding to its fantastical look. The interior is as intricate as the exterior, featuring narrow corridors, small chapels and religious iconography. Its labyrinthine layout evokes a sense of spiritual pilgrimage, with each chapel having its own distinctive design and dedicated to various saints or events.

St. Basil’s Cathedral

St. Basil's Cathedral is not only a masterpiece of Russian architecture but also a symbol of Russia's rich history and religious devotion. It survived Napoleon's plans to destroy it in 1812 and the Soviet era when religious buildings were often neglected or repurposed. The cathedral's vivid colors and unique design are often seen as a representation of Russia’s unique identity and its ability to adapt and persevere through turbulent periods.

St. Basil’s Cathedral

Today, St. Basil’s Cathedral stands as a museum and St Basil's Basilica, Moscow Kremlin and Red Square are a UNESCO World Heritage site, attracting millions of visitors each year. It is celebrated as a cultural symbol of Moscow and Russia, representing the fusion of religious, political and architectural history. Its enduring beauty continues to captivate the world.

St. Basil’s Cathedral

To the west of St. Basil’s Basilica soars the Spasskaya Bashnya (Spasskaya Tower - Спасская башня), one of the most famous and historically significant towers of the Moscow Kremlin, located at the eastern wall of the Kremlin overlooking the west of Red Square.

Spasskaya Tower

Built in 1491 by Italian architect Pietro Antonio Solari, the tower has long served as a gateway to the Kremlin and a symbol of the Russian state. The Spasskaya Tower was originally constructed under the reign of Ivan III (Ivan the Great) during the Kremlin's major reconstruction in the late 15th century. Initially named the Frolovskaya Tower (after the nearby Church of St. Frol and St. Lavr), it was later renamed in the 17th century to Spasskaya in honor of the Icon of the Savior (Spas), which was placed above the gate of the tower. The icon, believed to have miraculous powers, led to the tradition of people removing their hats and crossing themselves while passing through the gate.

Saint Basil's Cathedral

The Spasskaya tower also played a vital role in Russian ceremonial life. For centuries, it has served as the official entrance for tsars, foreign dignitaries and state officials entering the Kremlin for important events. During Soviet times, it became a key part of state ceremonies and military parades on Red Square.

Spasskaya Tower

Standing at 71 meters (233 feet) tall, Spasskaya Tower is crowned with an intricate clock and a ruby-red star, a feature added during the Soviet era. The tower’s design reflects Renaissance influences brought to Moscow by Italian architects, with its detailed brickwork, pointed arches and ornate spires. The Spasskaya Clock, installed in the 17th century, is one of the most prominent features. This clock chimes every 15 minutes and plays the Russian national anthem during significant moments.

Spasskaya Tower

The tower's architectural style merges medieval Russian defensive elements with Italian Renaissance aesthetics. Its rectangular base and robust walls reflect its original purpose as a defensive structure, while the elaborate spire and clock represent later additions that made it more ceremonial. The ruby-red star atop the tower, introduced in the 1930s, replaced the double-headed eagle, symbolizing the Soviet Union's new ideology.

Spasskaya Tower

The Spasskaya Tower is a powerful symbol of Moscow and Russian history. It has witnessed pivotal moments in Russian history, including the Napoleonic invasion of 1812, World War II and countless state events, parades and speeches. The tower remains a key part of Victory Day celebrations, with military parades passing through its gate. As one of the Kremlin's main towers, Spasskaya Bashnya has also become a cultural landmark, appearing in countless works of art, literature and film. The clock's chimes, known as the Kremlin Chimes, have become an audible emblem of Russian statehood, marking the passage of time for centuries. Today, Spasskaya Tower stands as a historic and architectural gem, representing the endurance of Russian culture and its evolving political landscape. It continues to dominate the Moscow skyline, welcoming visitors to Red Square and the Kremlin.

Red Square looking south

Further up along the east wall of the Kremlin stand Lenin's Mausoleum (Мавзолей В.И. Ленина на Красной площади) and the Senatskaya Bashnya (Senate Tower - Сенатская башня) behind it.

Lenin's Mausoleum is an iconic tomb where the embalmed body of Vladimir Lenin, the leader of the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution and founder of the Soviet Union, is on display. Completed in 1930 by architect Alexey Shchusev, the mausoleum features a minimalist yet monumental design, blending elements of Constructivism and Russian avant-garde architecture. Made primarily of red granite and black labradorite, the mausoleum’s stark, block-like structure contrasts with the ornate historical buildings surrounding Red Square. Lenin’s body has been preserved and exhibited in the mausoleum since his death in 1924, becoming a symbol of Soviet ideology and a significant political pilgrimage site. The mausoleum has been witness to major state ceremonies and public events in Soviet history.

Lenin's Mausoleum and Senate Tower

Senatskaya Bashnya (Senate Tower), located to the west next to Lenin's Mausoleum on Red Square, is part of the Moscow Kremlin's fortifications. Built in 1491 by Italian architect Pietro Antonio Solari, this tower, like other Kremlin towers, was constructed with a defensive purpose in mind. It is named after the nearby Kremlin Senate Palace, a key governmental building and official residence of the Russian President (see below). The Senatskaya Bashnya, topped with a distinctive tented roof, represents traditional Russian defensive architecture with its white-stone detailing and red brick walls. Though not as tall as some of the other Kremlin towers, its commanding location near the Mausoleum and Kremlin Senate contributes to the historic significance of Red Square and its role as a center of Russian power and culture.

Red Square looking north

Continuing to walk in the drizzle up along Red Square, we reach Nikolskaya Tower (Никольская башня), another one of the most prominent and historic towers of the Moscow Kremlin, located at the eastern wall. Constructed in 1491 by the Italian architect Pietro Antonio Solari, the tower is named after the nearby St. Nicholas (Nikolskaya) Monastery.

Nikolskaya Tower

Originally built as part of the Kremlin's fortifications, the tower was designed to defend the Kremlin's eastern approach. The Nikolskaya Tower is notable for its distinctive Gothic-style architecture, standing out with its sharp, pointed spire that was added in the 19th century. It rises to a height of 70 meters (230 feet), adorned with a red star at the top, which replaced the original double-headed eagle after the Soviet era began. Over the centuries, the tower has undergone several renovations, particularly following damage during Napoleon's invasion in 1812. Beyond its architectural beauty, the tower holds deep cultural significance as part of the Kremlin complex, symbolizing Russia’s resilience and historical depth. Positioned near Red Square and the Nikolskaya Street, it has long been a part of Moscow's vibrant urban and cultural landscape, connecting the spiritual past with the political heart of the nation.

Past Nikolskaya Tower, at the northern end of Red Suqare, stands the remarkable State Historical Museum of Russia (Государственный исторический музей), another one of the most prominent and visually striking landmarks in the city. Founded in 1872 and completed in 1883, the museum was established to showcase the rich and diverse history of Russia, from prehistoric times to the modern era. 

State Historical Museum of Russia

The museum's Neo-Russian architectural style, designed by architects Vladimir Sherwood and Anatoly Semyonov, is distinguished by its red brick façade, multiple turrets and intricate details, making it harmonize with the grandeur of Red Square. The museum's interior is equally impressive, with grand halls adorned with murals, painted ceilings and elaborate decorations inspired by medieval Russian architecture.

State Historical Museum of Russia

Inside, the vast collection spans Russia's long history, including artifacts from ancient civilizations, medieval manuscripts, imperial treasures and relics from the Soviet period. Culturally and historically significant, the State Historical Museum serves as a guardian of Russia's national heritage. It plays a crucial role in preserving and presenting the country's diverse past, making it an essential destination for anyone looking to explore Russia's history and identity. Positioned at the very heart of Moscow, it stands as a monumental tribute to Russia's enduring legacy.

On the east side of Red Square stands the majestic building that is GUM (ГУМ), a shopping mall that is also a symbol of Moscow’s grandeur and history. The GUM (Glavnyi Universalnyi Magazin) shopping mall is not just a retail space but a grand symbol of Russia’s history and architectural excellence.

GUM (ГУМ) shopping mall

Built between 1890 and 1893 by architect Alexander Pomerantsev and engineer Vladimir Shukhov, GUM is an architectural masterpiece that blends the best of Russian Revival and Victorian-era European style. The iconic glass roof of GUM, designed by Shukhov, remains a pioneering example of engineering, allowing natural light to flood the interior of the building, creating a light and airy shopping environment.

GUM shopping mall

GUM occupies the entire length of Red Square, making it a monumental presence in the heart of Moscow. Its stunning red and white façade, intricate arches and three grand arcades are a testament to 19th-century Russian grandeur. The mall's interior boasts a lavish layout, with marble staircases, elegant balconies and a central fountain, adding to the overall opulent atmosphere.

GUM shopping mall

GUM has witnessed Russia's major historical events. Initially opened as a state-run department store during the Soviet era, it was later used for state purposes under Stalin, including being converted into office space.

GUM (ГУМ) shopping mall

However, it returned to its original commercial function after the fall of the Soviet Union, undergoing extensive renovations in the 1990s to restore its former splendor.

Inside GUM shopping mall

Today, GUM is a luxury shopping destination housing high-end global brands such as Louis Vuitton, Gucci and Prada, alongside Russian boutiques. Visitors are drawn to its historical charm as much as its modern shopping experience. The store is also renowned for its traditional Soviet-style ice cream and gastronom No. 1, a famous Soviet-era delicatessen.

Inside GUM (ГУМ) shopping mall

Beyond retail, GUM hosts cultural exhibitions, festivals and seasonal events, further cementing its role as a cultural landmark. Whether strolling beneath its glass canopy or admiring its historical details, GUM offers visitors an experience that is quintessentially Russian, seamlessly blending the past and present in the heart of Moscow.

GUM (ГУМ) shopping mall

For tourists and locals alike, GUM is more than just a shopping mall—it is a piece of living history that continues to captivate with its architectural splendor and deep cultural significance.

Here are some composite 360 degree panoramas of Moscow's Red Square (also viewable here):

Red Square, Moscow 360 Panorama

Next morning, our 2nd day in Moscow before boarding the Trans-Siberian Railway train, we get back on Moscow's Metro mass-transit system to explore the city a bit more in the rain.

Morning of day 2 in Moscow

In the process, we experience some of the legendary subway stations. We start again at the Metro Paveletskaya subway station (Метро Павелецкая) closest to our hotel.

Metro Paveletskaya subway station entrance, Pilzner Czech Brewery at Ozerkovskaya Naberezhnaya 56 in background

The Moscow Metro system is one of the most iconic, efficient and visually stunning transit systems in the world. Opened in 1935 with a single line and 13 stations, it has since grown into a sprawling network that now comprises more than 250 stations and over 400 kilometers of track.

Moscow Metro Map

Moscow's subway system serves millions of passengers daily, making it not only a critical mode of transportation but also a historical and architectural marvel. One of the most distinctive features of the Moscow Metro is its architectural grandeur. Many stations are masterpieces of Soviet-era architecture, with designs intended to showcase the power and artistic aspirations of the Soviet state. These stations often resemble underground palaces, adorned with chandeliers, ornate mosaics, marble columns and sculptures that depict Soviet leaders, workers, soldiers and historical scenes.

Traveling on a Moscow Metro Train

Stations like Komsomolskaya, Mayakovskaya and Ploshchad Revolyutsii are among the most famous for their artistic and historical significance. In addition to its beauty, the Moscow Metro is renowned for its efficiency and punctuality. Trains run frequently, often arriving every 90 seconds during peak hours and the system is known for its cleanliness and reliability.

Riding the Moscow Metro

The metro also features deep tunnels, a result of both the city's topography and the need for bomb shelters during the Cold War. The Moscow Metro is also continually expanding and modernizing, with new lines and stations being built to serve the growing city. In recent years, innovations like the Moscow Central Circle (MCC) and the Big Circle Line have further enhanced connectivity and convenience for passengers.

Aboard a Moscow Metro Train

The metro also integrates with other forms of public transport, including buses, trams and trains, making it the backbone of Moscow’s urban transit. The system is not only a symbol of Moscow’s infrastructure but also a testament to its history, culture and artistic ambition, making it a must-see for visitors who want to experience the city’s unique blend of past and present.

Paveletskaya Subway Station

Paveletskaya Metro Station

The Paveletskaya Metro Station is located in Zamoskvorechye District.

Paveletskaya Subway Station

It serves as a hub for two lines: the Zamoskvoretskaya line and the Koltsevaya line.

Paveletskaya Metro Station

The station was opened in 1943 and is known for its distinctive architecture with tall, white marble pillars and a high, arched ceiling.

Paveletskaya Subway Station

The station features beautiful mosaic panels depicting Soviet themes and historical figures.

Paveletskaya Metro Station

Paveletskaya is closely connected to the Paveletsky Railway Station, making it a convenient transportation hub for both local and long-distance travel.

Paveletskaya Subway Station

The Paveletskaya station played a role in the transportation of Vladimir Lenin's body to Moscow. 

Taganskaya Subway Station

Taganskaya Metro Station (Таганская), located on the Koltsevaya Line (Circle Line) of the Moscow Metro, is one of the city's most iconic and architecturally significant stations. Opened in 1950, it reflects the grandeur and artistic splendor typical of Soviet-era metro stations.

Taganskaya Metro Station

The station's design is a brilliant example of Stalinist architecture, featuring an opulent mix of marble, mosaics and ceramic tiles that create a truly majestic atmosphere. The central hall is adorned with intricate tilework and large, arched niches that house beautiful reliefs of Soviet soldiers, symbolizing different branches of the Red Army - infantry, navy, air force and artillery.

Taganskaya Subway Station

Taganskaya Metro Station

The lighting fixtures are equally impressive, with grand chandeliers illuminating the spacious hallways. The entire station has a palatial feel, emphasizing strength and victory, which were key elements in Soviet art and architecture. 

Taganskaya Subway Station

Taganskaya is not only known for its architectural beauty but also for its importance as a major transport hub, connecting to multiple lines, making it a crucial part of Moscow's transit system. Its location in the Tagansky District places it near historic landmarks such as the Taganka Theatre and various cultural attractions, adding to its significance.

Taganskaya Metro Station

Visiting Taganskaya station offers a glimpse into the artistic and cultural ambitions of Soviet Russia, making it more than just a transit point—it’s a subterranean museum of history and design.

Komsomolskaya Subway Station

Komsomolskaya Metro Station

Komsomolskaya Metro Station (Комсомольская) is one of the most stunning and grandiose stations in the Moscow Metro system, often hailed as a masterpiece of Stalinist Baroque architecture.

Komsomolskaya Subway Station

Located on the Koltsevaya Line (Circle Line) and opened in 1952, it serves as a bustling hub beneath Komsomolskaya Square, connecting three major railway stations: Leningradsky, Yaroslavsky and Kazansky, making it a critical transit point in the city.

Komsomolskaya Metro Station

Designed by the famous Soviet architect Alexey Shchusev, Komsomolskaya stands out for its lavish, palace-like interior, inspired by historical Russian architecture and the victory of the Soviet Union in World War II.

Komsomolskaya Subway Station

The station's grandeur is highlighted by its massive chandeliers, which illuminate the ornate yellow ceilings adorned with intricate white stone mosaics and majestic frescoes.

Komsomolskaya Metro Station

The artwork depicts famous scenes from Russian history, focusing on moments of military glory and national pride, including leaders like Alexander Nevsky and Dmitry Donskoy.

Komsomolskaya Subway Station

The marble columns and the station’s vaulted ceilings give it a regal atmosphere, making it feel more like an imperial hall than a metro station.

Komsomolskaya Metro Station

Komsomolskaya's large, spacious platforms and elegant design contrast sharply with the usual utilitarian function of subway systems, making it a cultural landmark as well as a transportation hub.

Komsomolskaya Subway Station

Komsomolskaya is not just a metro station but a symbol of Soviet power and triumph, meant to inspire awe and pride in the achievements of the Soviet state. Its beauty and historical significance make it a must-visit for anyone exploring Moscow’s metro system.

Novoslobodskaya Subway Station

Novoslobodskaya Metro Station

Novoslobodskaya Metro Station (Новослободская) in Moscow is one of the most famous and visually stunning stations on the Moscow Metro system, located on the Koltsevaya Line (Circle Line). 

Novoslobodskaya Subway Station

The word "МИР" (Мир), written on the striking mosaic at one end of Novoslobodskaya, is a Russian word that translates to "Peace" or "World".

МИР (Мир) world peace mosaic at Novoslobodskaya metro station

Opened in 1952, it epitomizes the grandeur and artistry that defines many of the city’s metro stations. 

Novoslobodskaya Metro Station

Designed by architect Alexey Dushkin, Novoslobodskaya is renowned for its beautiful stained glass panels, which set it apart as a true underground gallery.

Novoslobodskaya Subway Station

The Novoslobodskaya station features 32 stained glass panels, each framed in brass and illuminated from behind. These panels, created by Latvian artists, depict floral designs, geometric shapes and Soviet motifs, giving the station a unique, almost cathedral-like atmosphere.

Novoslobodskaya Metro Station

At the far end of the platform, there is also a large mosaic titled “Peace Throughout the World”, a work by the famous artist Pavel Korin, which adds to the Novoslobodskaya station's artistic splendor.

"Peace Throughout the World" - Novoslobodskaya Metro Station

Architecturally, the Novoslobodskaya station is designed with high, arched ceilings and circular light fixtures that create a soft, diffused glow, enhancing the elegance of the stained glass.

Novoslobodskaya Subway Station

Novoslobodskaya's walls are faced with white marble, while the floor features a checkerboard pattern of gray and black granite.

Novoslobodskaya Subway Station

Novoslobodskaya is not only a vital part of Moscow’s transit system but also a celebrated example of Soviet-era art and design, making it a popular destination for both daily commuters and tourists alike.

Novoslobodskaya Metro Station

Novoslobodskaya's artistic legacy reflects the Soviet ambition to blend functionality with cultural significance, making it one of the most beautiful metro stations in the world.

Belorusskaya Subway Station

Belorusskaya Metro Station

The Belorusskaya Metro Station (Белорусская), located on the Koltsevaya Line (Circle Line) and Zamoskvoretskaya Line of the Moscow Metro system, is a striking example of Soviet architectural grandeur and artistic design.

Belorusskaya Subway Station

Belorusskaya's artworks, including floral motifs and agricultural themes, are rendered in rich detail and evoke a sense of national pride.

Belorusskaya Metro Station

One of the most eye-catching features is the ornate ceiling, which is decorated with intricate stucco work and chandeliers that cast a warm, diffused light, enhancing the station's beauty.

Belorusskaya Subway Station

Named after the nearby Belorussky Railway Station which connects Moscow to Belarus and Western Europe, the station reflects the cultural ties between Russia and Belarus.

Belorusskaya Metro Station

Opened in 1952, the Koltsevaya Line platform is an artistic marvel designed by architects Ivan Taranov and Nadezhda Bykova, with interior design elements that celebrate the culture, history and people of Belarus.

Belorusskaya Subway Station

The Belorusskaya station's pillars are faced with white marble, giving it a clean and elegant appearance, while the walls feature bas-relief panels and mosaics that depict scenes of Belarusian life and Soviet achievements.

Belorusskaya Metro Station

The central hall of Belorusskaya's lavish decoration and tall arches give the space a palatial feel, making it one of the most admired stations in the Moscow Metro.

Belorusskaya Subway Station

The Zamoskvoretskaya Line platform, which opened earlier in 1938, features a more restrained design, with dark red and black marble columns and brass accents. Although simpler in style, this section retains the elegance that characterizes many stations of the early Soviet metro system.

Belorusskaya Metro Station

Belorusskaya Metro Station is not only a vital transportation hub but also a testament to Soviet ambition in merging functionality with artistic and cultural significance. It is a must-visit for anyone exploring the iconic architecture of the Moscow Metro.

Belorussky Train Station

Belorussky Train Station

The outstanding green-and-white Belorussky Train Station in Moscow is a stunning architectural masterpiece that showcases the grandeur and elegance of the Russian Empire. Its intricate details, ornate decorations and imposing facade make it a truly beautiful sight.

Belorussky Train Station

The station is designed in the neoclassical style, characterized by its symmetry, columns and grand scale. The facade is adorned with intricate carvings and sculptures.

Belorussky Train Station

The main hall is a vast, open space with a high, vaulted ceiling. The walls are decorated with murals and mosaics, depicting scenes of Russian history and culture. The waiting rooms are spacious and comfortable, with plush seating and ornate chandeliers. The station's exterior is equally impressive, with a large clock tower and intricate ironwork.

Kievskaya Subway Station

Kievskaya Metro Station

The Kievskaya Metro Station (Киевская) in Moscow is another of the beautiful and culturally significant stations on the Koltsevaya (Circle) Line of the Moscow Metro.

Kievskaya Subway Station

Opened in 1954, Kiyevskaya metro station was designed to celebrate the historical and cultural ties between Russia and the Ukraine, with a particular focus on the city of Kyiv (Kiev).

Kievskaya Metro Station

The Kievskaya metro station is a stunning showcase of Stalinist Empire style, known for its grandeur and ornate decoration.

Kievskaya Subway Station

Kievskaya’s design is the work of architects Yevgeny Katonin, Victor Yegerev and Mikhail Ilin, who infused the station with elements that emphasize the friendship between the two nations.

Kievskaya Metro Station

One of the most striking features of Kiyevskaya is the series of mosaic panels that adorn the walls. These mosaics, framed by elaborate white and gold arches, depict scenes of Ukrainian life, from pastoral landscapes to industrial progress and also commemorate key historical moments shared by Russia and the Ukraine.

Kievskaya Subway Station

The Kievskaya station is richly decorated with marble columns, intricate stucco work and chandeliers that lend it an almost palatial atmosphere.

Kievskaya Metro Station

The color scheme of Kiyevskaya includes warm beige and gold tones, giving the station a sense of elegance and sophistication.

Kievskaya Subway Station

Kiyevskaya's ceiling is adorned with ornamental patterns and the chandeliers emit a soft, golden glow, enhancing the station’s sense of grandeur.

Kievskaya Metro Station

One of the most symbolic mosaics in the Kievskaya station is a depiction of a Ukrainian woman holding wheat, a traditional symbol of fertility and prosperity, which reflects the agricultural importance of the Ukraine. The use of floral and folk motifs throughout the Kiyevskaya station also highlights the deep cultural connections between the two nations.

Kievskaya Subway Station

Kievskaya Metro Station serves as a monument to Soviet-era unity and its stunning artistry and attention to detail make it a must-see for those exploring Moscow's metro system. It remains an important stop both for its functional role and its symbolic representation of Russo-Ukrainian friendship.

Ploschad Revolyutsii Subway Station

Ploschad Revolyutsii Metro Station

The Ploschad Revolyutsii Metro Station (Площадь Революции) is another one of Moscow's most iconic and visually stunning metro stations, known for its striking architecture and deep connection to Soviet history.

Ploschad Revolyutsii Subway Station

Located on the Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya Line, the station opened in 1938 and was designed by prominent architect Alexey Dushkin.

Ploschad Revolyutsii Metro Station

Ploschad Revolyutsii's name - "Revolution Square" - reflects its theme, celebrating the Russian Revolution and the rise of the Soviet Union.

Ploschad Revolyutsii Subway Station

The most distinctive feature of Ploschad Revolyutsii is its bronze sculptures which line the station's platforms. There are 76 sculptures in total, each placed in recessed archways that form a continuous row along both sides of the station.

Ploschad Revolyutsii Metro Station

These statues at Ploschad Revolyutsii, crafted by sculptor Matvey Manizer, depict the "heroes of the Soviet people," showcasing workers, soldiers, students, athletes and other Soviet citizens in various iconic poses.

Ploschad Revolyutsii Subway Station

Ploschad Revolyutsii's sculptures symbolize strength, unity and the ideals of the revolution. One of the station's most famous sculptures is that of a border guard with a dog. It is considered good luck to rub the dog's nose and this tradition has become so popular that the bronze has been polished to a shine from the countless touches of passersby. This adds an interactive, almost superstitious element to the station’s daily life.

Ploschad Revolyutsii Metro Station

The architectural design of Ploschad Revolyutsii metro station itself is monumental, with large arches made of red and black marble, which give the station a grand and imposing feel.

Ploschad Revolyutsii Subway Station

Ploschad Revolyutsii's floors are paved with black granite and the high ceilings are adorned with elegant circular lighting fixtures. The combination of these materials and the grand scale creates a cavernous, almost museum-like atmosphere underground.

Ploschad Revolyutsii Metro Station

Ploschad Revolyutsii is more than just a metro station; it is a Soviet-era masterpiece and an important cultural landmark in Moscow. Its sculptures and architecture not only tell the story of the revolution but also invite interaction and engagement from those who pass through its halls daily. The station is a must-see for anyone interested in Soviet history, art and the grandeur of the Moscow Metro.

Heading back to the Kremlin, we climb up out of Moscow's metro system here and walk in the rain down Nikolskaya St and Proyezd Voskresenskiye Vorota past the State Historical Museum at the north end of Red Square, towards the Resurrection Gate and Iverskaya Chapel. Some more walking around in this beautiful part of Moskva city is in order!

Proyezd Voskresenskiye Vorota (State Historical Museum) & Voskresenskiye Vorota (Resurrection Gate)

Neglinnaya River

The Neglinnaya River (Неглинная река) is a river that flows through the center of Moscow, Russia. It used to be an open-air river, but in the 19th century, it was covered over to create a subterranean channel to improve sanitation and traffic flow in the city. Today, the Neglinnaya River flows underground and its course is marked by various underground passages and shopping malls. Although not visible at ground level, the Neglinnaya River remains an important part of Moscow's history and infrastructure.

Resurrection Gate

The Resurrection Gate - Voskresenskiye Vorota (Воскресенские ворота) - is an iconic and historically significant gate that serves as the main entrance to Red Square in Moscow. Located between the State Historical Museum and the Moscow City Hall, this distinctive red and white structure is crowned with two spires topped by gilded double-headed eagles, the symbol of Russian statehood. 

Resurrection Gates and Iverskaya Chapel (composite)

Originally constructed in the 17th century, it has witnessed significant moments in Russian history. The Resurrection Gate was built in 1680 under the reign of Tsar Fyodor III, replacing an earlier wooden gate. It was named after the Church of the Resurrection that once stood atop the archway. The gate was part of the Kitay-gorod wall and served as a symbolic and ceremonial entrance to Red Square. It led into the sacred heart of Moscow, where public celebrations, military parades and important political and religious events took place.

In the Soviet era, the gate was demolished in 1931 to make way for military parades and larger vehicular access to Red Square. However, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the gate was meticulously reconstructed in 1995 to its original baroque design, restoring a key part of Moscow's architectural and cultural heritage.

Today, the Resurrection Gate stands as a beautiful and historically resonant landmark. It frames the entrance to Red Square, marking the threshold between Moscow’s everyday city life and the historic heart of the nation. Additionally, it is closely associated with the nearby Iverskaya Chapel, a small shrine containing a replica of the Iberian Icon of the Mother of God, where many visitors stop to pray before entering Red Square.

Iverskaya Chapel (Iverskaya Chasovnya)

Iverskaya Chasovnya - The Iveron Chapel (Иверская часовня) is a small, yet historically and religiously significant chapel located near the Resurrection Gates at the entrance to Red Square in Moscow. The tiny chapel, also known as the Iberian Chapel, was originally built in 1669 during the reign of Tsar Alexis I and housed a revered icon of the Iberian Virgin Mary, which held great significance for the Russian Orthodox Church.

The chapel's architecture reflects traditional Russian ecclesiastical design, featuring red brick walls, white stone accents and a domed roof crowned by a gilded Orthodox cross. Its intimate size contrasts with the surrounding grandeur of Red Square, but it remains a site of deep spiritual significance.

Resurrection Gates and Iverskaya Chapel

The icon housed within, believed to be a miraculous replica of an original from the Iveron Monastery on Mount Athos in Greece, was a pilgrimage site for Muscovites and Russian Tsars alike. Throughout history, the chapel was a place of prayer and pilgrimage, but it suffered significant damage during the Soviet era. In 1929, under the anti-religious policies of the Soviet government, the original Iverskaya Chasovnya was demolished. The famous icon was lost and the square was cleared of religious structures as part of the regime's efforts to secularize the country.

Resurrection Gate and Iverskaya Chapel

However, in a resurgence of faith and restoration of historical sites, the Iverskaya Chapel was rebuilt in 1994, following the fall of the Soviet Union. The new chapel was designed to replicate the original structure as closely as possible, with careful attention to its historic and spiritual roots.

Today, the reconstructed Iverskaya Chasovnya serves as both a religious site and a reminder of Moscow’s enduring connection to its Orthodox Christian heritage. Visitors to Red Square often stop by the chapel to light candles and offer prayers, continuing the centuries-old tradition of devotion to the Virgin Mary of Iveron. Its modest beauty and profound spiritual importance make it a unique cultural and religious landmark in the heart of Moscow.

Manezhnaya Square towards Red Square

We turn around and walk towards Manezhnaya Square past Marshal Zhukov monument (Памятник маршалу Г.К. Жукову) and the World Clock Fountain (Фонтан Часы Мира). Manezhnaya Square is a spacious public square located in the heart of Moscow. It's a popular destination for tourists and locals alike, offering a mix of historical and modern attractions. The square is home to the iconic Marshal Zhukov Monument and the World Clock Fountain, as well as several museums and shopping centers. Manezhnaya Square is a lively and vibrant hub, with plenty of cafes, restaurants and street performers to entertain visitors.

Marshal Zhukov monument

The Marshal Zhukov Monument is a majestic equestrian statue located in Manezhnaya Square.

Marshal Zhukov Monument, Manezhnaya Square

Marshal Zhukov monument honors Georgy Zhukov, a legendary Soviet military leader who played a pivotal role in the Soviet victory over Nazi Germany during World War II. The monument, unveiled in 1995, depicts Zhukov on horseback, symbolizing his leadership and courage. It's a popular tourist attraction and a significant symbol of Russian military history.

Manezhnaya Square

World Clock Fountain

The World Clock Fountain (Фонтан Часы Мира) is a notable landmark at Manezhnaya Square in Moscow. It's a large, circular fountain featuring a clock with the names of major cities around the world displayed along its circumference. The clock's hands rotate to indicate the local time in each city, making it a unique and educational attraction for visitors. The fountain is a popular spot for people to relax, take photos and learn about different time zones.

Four Seasons Hotel Moscow

We continue walking in the Kremlin, heading towards Alexander Garden and the Middle Arsenal Tower - Srednyaya Arsenal'naya Bashnya. Below the Middle Arsenal Tower are the Grotto Ruins. In front of the Srednyaya Arsenal'naya Bashnya tower stands the Romanovskiy obelisk (Alexander Garden obelisk).

Exploring Moscow Kremlin in the rain

Alexander Garden

Alexander Garden

Alexander Garden - Aleksandrovsky Sad (Александровский сад) - is a beautiful park located near the Kremlin which is popular destination for tourists and locals alike, offering a peaceful oasis in the heart of the city. It is one of the city’s oldest public parks, located along the western walls of the Kremlin. Established in 1821 by architect Osip Bove, the garden was created to commemorate Russia's victory over Napoleon in 1812. It features well-manicured lawns, colorful flower beds and monuments, including the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, an eternal flame dedicated to Soviet soldiers who died in World War II.

Alexander Garden: Grotto Ruins, Srednyaya Arsenal'naya Bashnya Tower, Romanovskiy obelisk (Alexander Garden obelisk)

Alexander Garden is divided into three sections: Upper, Middle and Lower Gardens, offering visitors a peaceful retreat with scenic views of the Kremlin.

Alexander Garden holds cultural and historical significance, being a popular spot for both locals and tourists and is a great place to relax, take a stroll, or simply enjoy the scenic surroundings.

Four Seasons Fountain

Four Seasons Fountain

The Four Seasons Fountain was designed by Russian sculptor Zurab Tsereteli and installed in 1996. The fountain features four horses in bronze, each symbolizing a different season, galloping through the water. The dynamic sculptures give a sense of motion and energy, symbolizing the passage of time and the unceasing cycle of life.

Four Seasons Fountain

The four horses in the fountain are crafted in a highly realistic style, capturing the strength and vitality of the animals. The fountain is set in a large, shallow basin of flowing water and the entire installation creates a lively, picturesque scene, particularly when illuminated by sunlight.

Four Seasons Fountain

The flowing water and sculptures make it a popular spot for both locals and tourists. The reflection of the Kremlin's walls and the nearby Manege Square on the water adds to the beauty of this peaceful oasis within the bustling city.

Srednyaya Arsenal'naya Bashnya and the Kremlin Arsenal

The Srednyaya Arsenal'naya Bashnya - Middle Arsenal Tower (Средняя Арсенальная башня) - is a historic tower located within the Moscow Kremlin. It is one of the oldest structures in the Kremlin complex, dating back to the 15th century. The tower was originally part of the Kremlin's defensive system and served as an arsenal for storing weapons and ammunition, giving it its current name. Today, the Srednyaya Arsenal'naya Bashnya is a popular tourist attraction, offering visitors a glimpse into the Kremlin's rich history.

Srednyaya Arsenal'naya Bashnya tower and Grotto Ruins

The Kremlin Arsenal (Арсенал Московского Кремля) is a large building complex within the Moscow Kremlin that was originally built as a weapons arsenal. The Kremlin Arsenal's construction began in 1701 under the reign of Peter the Great, following the city's devastation by fire in 1701 and was completed in 1736 after several delays. The Arsenal was intended to be both a storage facility for weapons and a symbol of Russia’s growing military power in the 18th century.

The Arsenal was initially designed to serve as a weapons depot, housing artillery, ammunition and various armaments. It also played a key role in the defense of the Kremlin during periods of war. Throughout its history, it has been involved in many critical moments, including during the Napoleonic invasion of 1812, when French forces exploded parts of the building while retreating, leaving significant damage. It was restored soon after, retaining its original function.

Kremlin Arsenal

The Arsenal is a massive rectangular building characterized by its simplicity and functionality, reflecting its military purpose. The design includes symmetrical rows of windows, with a robust and austere brick façade. The exterior is decorated with an impressive collection of captured cannons from the Napoleonic Wars, including Russian artillery pieces and French cannons, positioned along the perimeter as trophies. These historical cannons add both a decorative and symbolic element to the structure, representing Russia's victories.

The Arsenal building itself spans over 24,000 square meters and has two internal courtyards. Although the structure is utilitarian in design, the scale and importance of the building in the Kremlin complex give it an imposing presence.

The Kremlin Arsenal symbolizes the military strength of the Russian Empire, reflecting Peter the Great’s efforts to modernize the Russian army. It remains a potent symbol of Russian resilience, with its cannons serving as enduring reminders of past military triumphs. Today, the Kremlin Arsenal serves a different role as a part of the Presidential Regiment's operations, housing some military offices. It is not open to the public, but its exterior can be admired as part of the Kremlin complex. It also houses a museum that exhibits the Diamond Fund of Russia, a collection of precious stones and other valuable items.

Grotto Ruins

The Grotto Ruins (Грот Руиныin), a small cave with artificially created ruins, is a unique architectural composition located at the foot of the walls of the Moscow Kremlin, next to the Middle Arsenal Tower. This place is steeped in history and romance, attracting both local residents and numerous tourists.

The grotto was created in 1821 according to the design of the architect Joseph Bove. Its appearance is associated with the desire to perpetuate the memory of the events of the Patriotic War of 1812. To create an atmosphere of devastation, typical of the post-war period, fragments of real Moscow houses damaged during the Napoleonic invasion were used in the construction of the grotto, giving it the name "Grotto Ruins".

Grotto Ruins

The Grotto Ruins features four marble columns supporting a semicircular vault and the walls are decorated with fragments of old brickwork. In the center of the grotto there is a marble fence, which once served as a stage for military orchestra performances. The grotto is a reminder of the difficult trials that befell Russia.

Many newlyweds and just lovers of beautiful photos choose the Grotto Ruins for their photo shoots.

Romanovskiy obelisk (Alexander Garden obelisk)

The Romanovskiy obelisk (Alexander Garden obelisk) is a monument dedicated to the Romanov dynasty, the last ruling family of Russia. It is located in Alexander Garden, near the Kremlin walls, to the west of Srednyaya Arsenal'naya Bashnya.

Romanovskiy obelisk (Alexander Garden obelisk)

The obelisk was erected in 1916 to commemorate the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty's rule. It features a double-headed eagle, the symbol of the Russian Empire and the names of several Romanov tsars. The obelisk was destroyed during the Soviet era but was later restored and rededicated in 2005.

Pamyatnik Patriarkhu Germogenu (Monument to Patriarch Hermogen)

Pamyatnik Patriarkhu Germogenu

The monument is located on Red Square in Moscow, near St. Basil's Cathedral. It was erected in 1865 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Hermogen's death. The statue depicts Hermogen as a dignified and resolute figure, standing tall against the backdrop of the Kremlin.

Pamyatnik Patriarkhu Germogenu

The Pamyatnik Patriarkhu Germogenu (Monument to Patriarch Hermogen) is a memorial dedicated to Patriarch Hermogen, a Russian Orthodox leader who played a significant role in resisting Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812. He was executed by French forces for his defiance. The monument is a symbol of Russian patriotism and religious devotion.

Kutafiya (Predmostnaya) Tower

The Kutafiya Tower (Кутафья башня), also known as the Predmostnaya Tower (Предмостная башня), is a distinctive and historically significant structure located as a entrance gate to the Kremlin in Moscow. The name "Kutafiya" is derived from the Russian word for a clumsy or stout woman, a reference to its stout and compact shape. "Predmostnaya" (Предмостная) is a Russian word that means "before the bridge" or "in front of the bridge."

Built in 1516 under the direction of the Italian architect Aloisio da Milano, the tower was originally part of the outer defensive system of the Kremlin, standing as a guard post for the Troitskaya Tower and the Troitsky Bridge.

Kutafiya Tower (Predmostnaya Tower)

Kutafiya's unique design makes it stand out from the other Kremlin towers. Unlike many of the taller, more ornate Kremlin towers, Kutafiya Tower is relatively low, squat and sturdy. Its primary function was not to impress but to serve as a defensive structure, originally surrounded by a moat. The wide arch of the tower once had a drawbridge that could be raised to block entry to the Kremlin, providing further protection against invaders.

Although designed for defense, the tower has some decorative features, including ornate crenellations and small windows, which add to its aesthetic charm. Today, the Kutafiya Tower serves as one of the main entry points for tourists visiting the Kremlin complex. It stands as a reminder of the strategic importance of Moscow's fortifications in centuries past while providing a picturesque entrance to one of the world's most iconic historical sites.

Troitskaya Tower

Troitskaya Tower from Troitskiy Bridge (composite)

Troitskaya Tower - Trinity Tower (Троицкая Башня) - is one of the most significant and tallest towers of the Moscow Kremlin, standing at 80 meters (262 feet). Built in 1495 by Italian architect Aloisio da Milano, it is named after the Troitsky Monastery (Троицкий монастырь) that once stood nearby.

Troitskaya Tower

The Troitskiy Bridge (Троицкий мост), also known as the Trinity Bridge, is a key structure connecting different parts of the Kremlin complex. It links the Troitskaya Tower of the Kremlin to the Kutafya Tower and spans across the Kremlin moat, a now-dry defensive ditch surrounding the Kremlin walls. Built during the 16th century, it originally served as a vital entry point for dignitaries and military personnel accessing the Kremlin. The bridge is known for its sturdy stone construction and its integration into the broader defensive structures of the Kremlin, providing a direct route into the fortified center of Moscow.

The Troitsky Monastery (Trinity Monastery), a Russian Orthodox monastery, is one of the oldest monasteries in Moscow city, founded in the late 14th century. It's known for its beautiful architecture, including the Trinity Cathedral, which is a masterpiece of Russian Baroque style.

Kutafiya (Predmostnaya) Tower across Troitskiy Bridge seen from inside of Troitskaya Tower

Troitsky tower is notable for its Gothic-style architecture, complete with intricate detailing and a vibrant green spire crowned with a red Soviet star.

Troitskaya Tower

Historically, the Troitskaya Tower served as a key entrance to the Kremlin and was equipped with a drawbridge over the Neglinnaya River. It also has a rich cultural significance, as it once housed the Kremlin’s chancellery and secret archives. Today, it remains a majestic symbol of Moscow’s historical and architectural heritage.

The State Kremlin Palace

The State Kremlin Palace (Государственный Кремлёвский дворец) is a large concert hall located within the Moscow Kremlin. It was built in the 1960s and is one of the largest concert halls in Russia.

Moscow City Center around Manege Street

The State Kremlin Palace is used for a variety of events, including concerts, conferences and government ceremonies. It is known for its impressive architecture and acoustics.

Patriarch's Palace and the Church of the Twelve Apostles

The Patriarch's Palace and the Church of the Twelve Apostles (Патриарший дворец с церковью Двенадцати апостолов) is a significant religious and architectural landmark within the Moscow Kremlin, blending both ecclesiastical and secular functions.

Patriarch's Palace and the Church of the Twelve Apostles (composite)

Constructed during the 17th century, it served as the residence of the Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church, reflecting the church's growing authority during that period.

Patriarch's Palace and the Church of the Twelve Apostles (composite)

The complex was commissioned by Patriarch Nikon between 1652 and 1656, under the reign of Tsar Alexei I. Nikon, an influential figure in Russian history, sought to create a residence that rivaled the grandeur of the Tsar’s own palace, highlighting the growing influence of the Orthodox Church.

Patriarch's Palace and the Twelve Apostles' Church

The construction of the palace marked an era when the Patriarchate held immense power, symbolizing the church's vital role in Russia’s political and spiritual life.

Patriarch's Palace and the Church of the Twelve Apostles

The Patriarch’s Palace is an excellent example of Russian Baroque architecture, showcasing a blend of traditional Russian style with European influences. The structure is notable for its massive size, sprawling over two floors, with chambers for official functions, a refectory and private living quarters for the Patriarch. Its architectural design emphasizes grandeur and elegance, reflecting Nikon’s aspirations to elevate the status of the Patriarchate.

Patriarch's Palace and the Twelve Apostles' Church

The Church of the Twelve Apostles, adjacent to the palace, is a five-domed church that complements the palace with its elegant proportions and detailed ornamentation. The domes, with their gilded cupolas, stand out against the sky, contributing to the Kremlin’s iconic skyline. The church is dedicated to the Twelve Apostles, underscoring the religious devotion and symbolism embedded in its design.

Patriarch's Palace and the Church of the Twelve Apostles

Inside, the palace and church are richly adorned with frescoes, icons and intricate wood carvings that highlight the splendor of Russian religious art. The refectory and audience halls were designed to host important church ceremonies and receptions, further cementing the building’s dual role as both a religious and administrative center.

Patriarch's Palace and the Twelve Apostles' Church

The Patriarch's Palace and the Church of the Twelve Apostles played a vital role in the religious and political life of Russia during the 17th century. The palace was not only the residence of the head of the Russian Orthodox Church but also a center for ecclesiastical governance. It symbolizes the height of the church’s influence during Nikon’s tenure as Patriarch.

Patriarch's Palace and the Church of the Twelve Apostles

Today, the Patriarch's Palace is part of the Kremlin Museums, where visitors can explore its historical halls, witness its ornate interiors and appreciate its role in Russian Orthodox history. The Church of the Twelve Apostles remains a beautiful testament to 17th-century Russian religious architecture and continues to attract visitors with its spiritual and historical significance.

Patriarch's Palace and the Church of the Twelve Apostles

Together, the Patriarch’s Palace and the Church of the Twelve Apostles embody a rich chapter in Russian history, marking the interwoven power of the church and state during the reign of Patriarch Nikon.

Borovitskaya Tower

The Borovitskaya Tower (Боровицкая Башня) is one of the iconic towers of the Moscow Kremlin, located on its southwestern side. It stands at the entrance of the Kremlin overlooking the Moskva River and Borovitskaya Square. With its rich history, striking architecture and strategic significance, the Боровицкая Башня has been an important part of Moscow's defense and urban landscape since medieval times.

The name "Borovitskaya" is derived from the hill on which it stands, known as Borovitsky Hill, named after the pine forests ("bor" means pine in Russian) that once surrounded the area.

The Borovitskaya Tower was constructed in 1490 by an Italian architect named Pietro Antonio Solari as part of the Kremlin’s expansion under Grand Prince Ivan III.

Borovitskaya Tower

Over the centuries, the Borovitskaya Tower has served as one of the main gates to the Kremlin, offering a strategically important entrance due to its location near the river and at a lower elevation compared to the other gates. It was also an integral part of the Kremlin’s defensive fortifications, guarding the southwestern approach to the fortress.

The Borovitskaya Tower is notable for its elegant and harmonious design. The tower originally stood about 30 meters tall, but in the 17th century, an additional tented roof and a tall spire were added, increasing its height to 54 meters. This design mirrors the pointed spires and tented roofs of several other Kremlin towers, adding to the Kremlin's characteristic skyline. The tower is built in red brick, typical of the Kremlin's walls and towers, with decorative white stone details around the windows and arches. Its top portion, crowned by the spire, has a distinct, slender look that contrasts with the tower's broader base, making it appear graceful despite its solid, defensive structure. A double-headed eagle, the symbol of imperial Russia, was originally placed atop the spire but was replaced by a Soviet star during the Soviet era.

Borovitskaya Tower

While the Borovitskaya Tower was historically used as a defense gate, today it is one of the entrance points for visitors to the Kremlin. Its location near the Borovitskaya Square and the Grand Kremlin Palace makes it an important access point for government officials and ceremonial events. Culturally, the tower is a symbol of Moscow’s medieval past and its enduring significance as the heart of Russian power. Its presence near the Kremlin’s grand architectural ensemble contributes to the overall beauty and historical depth of the Kremlin complex.

In the present day, the Borovitskaya Tower serves not only as a gateway into the Kremlin but also as a reminder of Moscow’s long history, its medieval heritage and the city’s evolution into the political and cultural center of Russia. It stands as one of the Kremlin's most beautiful and historically significant towers, drawing the attention of visitors from around the world.

Armory Chamber

Borovitskaya Tower and Armory Chamber

The Armory Chamber (Оружейная палата) at the Kremlin in Moscow is one of Russia's oldest and most renowned museums, housing an extraordinary collection of treasures that reflect the country’s rich history, art and cultural heritage. Originally established as a royal workshop and armory, it has evolved into a museum of immense historical and artistic significance.

Armory Chamber and Borovitskaya Tower

The Armory Chamber was founded in the early 16th century as a storage and production facility for the weapons, armor and regalia of Russian tsars. In 1700, under Peter the Great, it became a part of the Kremlin's administrative system and transitioned into a state treasury. By the early 19th century, it officially became a museum, displaying not only arms and armor but also the opulent gifts and treasures accumulated by Russian rulers over centuries.

Armory Chamber

The current Armory Chamber building was constructed between 1844 and 1851, designed by architect Konstantin Thon in a classical Russian style that blends elements of medieval and Byzantine architecture. Its exterior is grand and fortress-like, with thick white walls and traditional Russian motifs, harmonizing with the surrounding structures of the Kremlin.

Armory Chamber

Inside, the chamber consists of large, opulent halls with high vaulted ceilings, rich in decorative detail. These rooms house an array of treasures, with displays carefully curated to showcase different aspects of Russia’s history and royal wealth.

Armory Chamber

The spacious interiors allow for the grand presentation of artifacts ranging from intricately designed armor to extravagant coronation robes.

Armory Chamber

The museum’s collection spans centuries and includes a dazzling array of items, including:

• Royal regalia: Crowns, scepters and orbs used in the coronation of Russian tsars, including the famous Monomakh's Cap, one of the oldest symbols of Russian sovereignty.
• Thrones: Lavish thrones made of gold and silver, adorned with precious gems and once used by the rulers of Russia.
• Fabergé eggs: The exquisite collection of Imperial Fabergé eggs, gifted to the tsars, are marvels of intricate craftsmanship and ingenuity.
• Carriages: The museum also boasts an impressive collection of royal carriages, which are ornately decorated and were used in grand processions.
• Armor and weaponry: Historical arms, including ornate swords, shields and armor, many of which were used by Russian royalty and nobility.
• Religious artifacts: Items like crosses, chalices and icons, many of which are encrusted with jewels and have religious significance to the Russian Orthodox Church.
• Foreign gifts: Diplomatic gifts from foreign monarchs, showcasing intricate artistry from across Europe and Asia.

Armory Chamber

The Armory Chamber is more than just a museum; it is a symbol of Russia’s imperial and military history. The treasures housed within reflect the vast power and wealth of the Russian state over the centuries. The collection not only offers insights into the personal lives of the Russian rulers but also into the statecraft, diplomacy and warfare that shaped the nation. The chamber is an essential part of the Kremlin, Moscow’s historic fortress and the center of Russian political power.

Borovitskaya Tower and Armory Chamber

As one of the primary tourist attractions within the Kremlin complex, it draws visitors from around the world who seek to explore Russia’s royal legacy and admire the beauty of its artifacts. Visiting the Armory Chamber offers a glimpse into the grandeur of the Russian empire and the craftsmanship that defined its court culture. Each exhibit tells a story of Russia’s past, from its medieval origins to the opulence of its tsars, making it a treasure trove of history and art.

We walk west from here to the Cathedral Square of Moscow Kremlin.

Cathedral Square of Moscow Kremlin

The Cathedral Square or Sobornaya ploshchad (Соборная площадь) is a central square within the Moscow Kremlin fortified complex. In the 15th century, all roads in Moscow lead here.

Cathedral Square in Moscow Kremlin (composite) Ivan the Great Bell-Tower (Left), Annunciation Cathedral (behind), Dormition Cathedral, Church of Twelve Apostles & Tsar Cannon (right)

The Cathedral Square is dominated by several magnificent Orthodox cathedrals, including:

• Assumption Cathedral: The oldest and most important cathedral, built in the 15th century and the coronation site of Russian tsars.
• Annunciation Cathedral: A smaller cathedral, built in the 15th century and used for religious ceremonies of the royal family.
• Archangel Cathedral: The burial place of Russian tsars and grand dukes, dating back to the 16th century.
• The Ivan the Great Bell Tower: One of the tallest structures in Moscow before the 20th century, stands prominently in the square.
• Patriarchal Palace: The official residence of the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, the head of the Russian Orthodox Church, is located on the square.

Annunciation Cathedral 

The Annunciation Cathedral (Благовещенский собор) at the Moscow Kremlin is a magnificent example of Russian Orthodox architecture and religious artistry, serving as a key spiritual and cultural monument within the Kremlin complex. It has a rich history as a private church for the Russian tsars, showcasing both the grandeur of royal worship and the unique fusion of architectural styles.

Annunciation Cathedral

Built between 1484 and 1489 by Russian architects under the reign of Ivan III (Ivan the Great), the Annunciation Cathedral was intended to be the private chapel of the Grand Dukes of Moscow and later the Russian tsars. It was constructed on the site of an older church that dated back to the early 14th century. Over the years, the cathedral was expanded and modified, especially during the reign of Ivan the Terrible, who added several domes and commissioned the lavish frescoes that adorn the cathedral’s walls.

For centuries, the Annunciation Cathedral played a key role in the life of the Russian monarchy, serving as the place where the tsars underwent significant rites such as baptisms, weddings and confessions.

Annunciation Cathedral

The cathedral’s architecture reflects a blend of Russian and Byzantine influences, with a unique interpretation that was adapted to Moscow’s local building traditions. The church is relatively small compared to other grand structures within the Kremlin, but it is crowned with nine golden onion domes, giving it a regal and iconic silhouette. The central dome represents Christ, while the other eight represent the Evangelists and are symbols of spiritual protection.

The cathedral’s white limestone walls contrast beautifully with the gold of the domes, while the ornate, arched windows add a graceful touch. The building’s proportions are harmonious, creating a sense of balance and symmetry, typical of Russian Orthodox ecclesiastical architecture.

Annunciation Cathedral

Inside, the cathedral is richly decorated with frescoes that were painted by prominent Russian artists of the 16th century. These frescoes depict religious scenes from the Old and New Testaments, saints and church fathers, creating an immersive sacred space. One of the most significant features is the iconostasis, a wall of icons and religious paintings separating the altar from the nave. The icons themselves, including works attributed to famous Russian painters like Theophanes the Greek and Andrei Rublev, are masterworks of religious art.

As the private chapel of the tsars, the Annunciation Cathedral was central to the personal spiritual lives of Russia's rulers. It was where they prepared themselves for major decisions, sought divine guidance and underwent confessions before momentous occasions. In addition to its religious importance, the cathedral holds cultural significance as a symbol of the autocratic power of the Russian tsars. Its luxurious interior decorations, from the golden domes to the intricate frescoes and icons, are reflective of the wealth and influence of the Russian monarchy.

Annunciation Cathedral and Palace of Facets

Today, the Annunciation Cathedral is part of the UNESCO World Heritage-listed Moscow Kremlin and is open to visitors. Although it no longer functions as an active church, it remains a deeply significant historical and religious site, attracting both tourists and pilgrims interested in Russia’s imperial and Orthodox legacy.

Annunciation Cathedral

The cathedral stands as a testament to Russia's medieval heritage, royal history and religious devotion, making it a must-visit landmark for those exploring the rich cultural landscape of the Kremlin.

Palace of Facets

The Palace of Facets (Грановитая палата) is a grand hall located between the Cathedral of the Annunciation and the Dormition Cathedral within the Moscow Kremlin Cathedral Square. It is known for its unique architectural style, characterized by its many facets or facets, which give it a distinctive appearance.

The Palace of Facets was built in the late 15th century under the reign of Ivan III. It was intended to serve as a grand reception hall for the Russian tsar. The palace was designed by Italian architects, who brought their Renaissance style to Russia. The palace was damaged during a fire in 1701 but was later restored.

Palace of Facets between Cathedral of the Annunciation (left) and Dormition Cathedral (right)

The Palace of Facets is a large, multi-story building with a central hall surrounded by smaller chambers. The exterior of the building is decorated with intricate carvings and sculptures. The interior of the building is adorned with frescoes and paintings, many of which depict scenes from Russian history and mythology.

The Palace of Facets has played a significant role in Russian history. It has been the site of many important events, including royal weddings, coronations and diplomatic receptions. The palace is a symbol of Russian power and prestige. Its impressive architecture and rich history have made it a popular tourist attraction.

The Palace of Facets is also a place of cultural significance. It houses a collection of valuable artifacts, including the throne of the Russian tsars.

In conclusion, the Palace of Facets is a remarkable building that offers a glimpse into the rich history and culture of Russia. Its unique architectural style, impressive size and historical significance make it one of the most important landmarks in the Moscow Kremlin.

Dormition Cathedral

The Dormition Cathedral (Успенский собор), also known as the Cathedral of the Assumption, is the spiritual heart of the Cathedral Square in the Moscow Kremlin and one of Russia’s most historically significant churches. It was the main cathedral of the Russian Orthodox Church for centuries, where important state ceremonies such as the coronations of tsars, religious councils and funerals of church leaders were held.

Dormition Cathedral

The Dormition Cathedral was commissioned by Ivan III (Ivan the Great) in the late 15th century as part of his grand plan to transform Moscow into the "Third Rome" and the center of the Orthodox world. The original church on the site was built in the 14th century but was in a state of disrepair by the 1470s. Ivan III hired Italian architect Aristotele Fioravanti, who brought Renaissance building techniques to Moscow, but the design remained true to traditional Russian church architecture. Construction began in 1475 and was completed in 1479, with Fioravanti blending Russian and Italian architectural elements to create a monumental structure that symbolized the power of both the state and the church. It became the mother church of Muscovy, the coronation church for the Russian tsars and a symbol of the Russian Empire's unity and Orthodox faith.

Dormition Cathedral

The Dormition Cathedral is a striking example of traditional Russian ecclesiastical architecture, with some Renaissance influences introduced by Fioravanti. It has five large gilded domes, a hallmark of Russian Orthodox church design, with the central dome representing Christ and the four smaller domes symbolizing the four Evangelists. The cathedral is built with white limestone, giving it a luminous appearance, particularly against the backdrop of the red Kremlin walls. Its simple, massive form with thick walls and small windows reflects the solidity and authority of the Orthodox Church. The building is cruciform in layout and its interior space is dominated by tall, slender columns that support the vaulted ceilings.

Dormition Cathedral

The iconostasis inside the Dormition Cathedral is one of its most outstanding features. This vast screen of icons separates the sanctuary from the nave and is adorned with some of the finest religious art of the time. The interior walls are also covered with frescoes, many of which were created by famous Russian painters like Dionysius in the 1480s. These frescoes depict scenes from the Bible, the lives of saints and Russian Orthodox tradition, creating a deeply spiritual atmosphere.

The Dormition Cathedral was the most important church in Russia for centuries, serving as the coronation site for Russian monarchs. From Ivan the Terrible to the last tsar, Nicholas II, the cathedral witnessed numerous state ceremonies that shaped Russian history. It was here that metropolitans and patriarchs of the Russian Orthodox Church were consecrated and important church councils were held. As a symbol of the union between church and state, the cathedral played a central role in the affirmation of Russian identity and Orthodox Christianity. Even during times of political upheaval and foreign invasions, the Dormition Cathedral remained a symbol of Moscow’s resilience and spiritual strength. 

Dormition Cathedral, Annunciation Cathedral to its left

Today, the Dormition Cathedral is part of the UNESCO World Heritage-listed Moscow Kremlin. While it no longer serves as the main church of the Russian Orthodox Church (this role was transferred to the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour), it remains a revered historical site and a popular destination for visitors to Moscow. The cathedral continues to hold occasional religious services and state ceremonies, preserving its deep connection to Russia’s religious and imperial past.

Cathedral of the Archangel 

The Cathedral of the Archangel (Архангельский собор) is another one of the most significant and historically rich churches in the Cathedral Square of the Moscow Kremlin. Built between 1505 and 1508 under the reign of Ivan III, it served as the burial place of many Russian rulers and members of the royal family.

Cathedral of the Archangel

It is an outstanding example of the fusion of Russian and Italian Renaissance architectural styles, making it a key historical and cultural landmark within the Kremlin. The construction of the Cathedral of the Archangel was part of Ivan III’s ambitious project to revamp the Kremlin and solidify Moscow’s status as the center of the Orthodox world and the Russian Empire. The earlier cathedral on this site, also dedicated to the Archangel Michael, was replaced by the new structure to reflect Moscow’s growing power.

Ivan III commissioned the Italian architect Aloisio the New (Aloisio da Milano) to design the new building, blending traditional Russian ecclesiastical architecture with the Italian Renaissance styles that were becoming fashionable in Moscow at the time. The Cathedral of the Archangel was consecrated in 1508 and has since been the final resting place of Russian princes and tsars, starting with Ivan Kalita. Among its most notable burials are Ivan the Terrible and his sons. In total, over 50 members of the royal family are buried within the cathedral’s walls.

The architecture of the Cathedral of the Archangel reflects a harmonious blend of Russian Orthodox and Renaissance styles. Its structure is dominated by five domes, with the central one symbolizing Christ and the four surrounding domes representing the Evangelists. The white limestone façade, reminiscent of traditional Russian churches, is adorned with decorative details characteristic of the Italian Renaissance. The cathedral features pilasters, semicircular gables and ornamental arches that add a sense of elegance and grandeur. The interior is richly decorated, with the walls and ceilings covered in frescoes from the 16th and 17th centuries. The frescoes depict scenes from the life of Archangel Michael, Biblical stories and Russian saints, creating a deeply spiritual atmosphere.

One of the cathedral’s most significant features is its large iconostasis, an elaborate screen of icons that separates the sanctuary from the nave. The iconostasis was created in the 1670s and includes icons painted by some of Russia's most renowned artists, including Simon Ushakov.

The Cathedral of the Archangel was not only a place of worship but also a symbol of the divine right of the Russian tsars to rule. The cathedral’s dedication to Archangel Michael, the leader of the heavenly army and protector of warriors, symbolized the Russian rulers' belief that their authority was divinely ordained. Its function as a royal necropolis further enhanced its significance. The tombs of princes and tsars, marked with intricately carved stone sarcophagi, serve as a testament to the continuity of Russian dynasties and the central role of Moscow in Russian history. The cathedral’s royal burials linked the fate of the Russian state with the Kremlin and the Orthodox Church, reinforcing Moscow’s identity as the heart of the empire.

Today, the Cathedral of the Archangel is part of the Moscow Kremlin Museums and is open to visitors as a historic monument. Though it no longer serves as an active place of worship, the cathedral remains a powerful symbol of Russia’s imperial past. Visitors can explore its richly decorated interior, view the royal tombs and admire the unique blend of Russian and Renaissance architecture. The Cathedral of the Archangel is a significant reminder of the intertwined history of the Russian Orthodox Church and the Russian state, standing as a monument to the rulers who shaped the nation and the spiritual forces that supported them. Its beauty, history and religious symbolism make it one of the most important architectural landmarks within the Moscow Kremlin.

Ivan the Great Bell-Tower

The Ivan the Great Bell Tower (Колокольня Ивана Великого) is one of the most iconic landmarks in Cathedral Square within the Moscow Kremlin. Standing at a height of 81 meters (266 feet), it is the tallest structure in the Kremlin and has served as a symbol of Russian power and religious significance since its construction.

Ivan the Great Bell-Tower. Dormition Cathedral at right. Annunciation Cathedral behind. (composite)

The bell tower was originally built between 1505 and 1508 under the reign of Ivan III (Ivan the Great) to replace an older structure. It was designed by the Italian architect Bon Fryazin, reflecting the influence of Renaissance architecture in Russia at the time. Its purpose was to house the Kremlin's bells and serve as a watchtower, allowing for views over the surrounding area.

Ivan the Great Bell-Tower (composite)

Throughout the centuries, the Ivan the Great Bell Tower was modified and expanded. Under Boris Godunov, it was extended by an additional tier in 1600, bringing it to its current height. For many years, it was the tallest building in Moscow and according to a decree by the tsars, no building in the city could be taller than the bell tower.

During the French invasion of Moscow in 1812, Napoleon's forces attempted to destroy the tower, but although they caused some damage, the structure withstood the blasts and remained standing, cementing its place as a symbol of Russian resilience.

Ivan the Great Bell-Tower

The Ivan the Great Bell Tower is a stunning example of Russian medieval architecture with Renaissance influences. Its tall, cylindrical shape is topped by a gilded dome and a cross, giving it a majestic appearance. The tower is divided into three sections, with the lower tiers housing the bells and the upper section serving as a viewing platform. The bell tower is adorned with white stone and brick, with elegant arches and pilasters. The decorative elements are modest, in keeping with its primary function as a religious and defensive structure. Despite its relatively simple design, its height and prominence within the Kremlin complex make it a striking landmark.

The Ivan the Great Bell Tower was historically the main belfry of the Russian Orthodox Church. It housed a collection of bells, including some of the largest and heaviest in Russia. At its peak, it had 21 bells, the largest of which, the Assumption Bell, weighed 65 tons. But that bell pales in comparison to the staggering Tsar Bell (see below).

Ivan the Great Bell-Tower

The Ivan the Great Bell Tower played an important role in religious and civic life, with its bells ringing out during important events, church services and emergencies. The tower's height and location within the Kremlin also made it a watchtower, offering panoramic views over Moscow. It was strategically significant, as it allowed for early warnings of approaching enemies.

Ivan the Great Bell-Tower

The Ivan the Great Bell Tower holds deep religious and cultural significance in Russia. It is located in Cathedral Square, surrounded by other important religious buildings, such as the Dormition Cathedral, Annunciation Cathedral and Cathedral of the Archangel, forming the spiritual heart of Moscow. Its bells were rung to mark key religious events and royal ceremonies, connecting the people of Moscow to the spiritual and political life of the nation. In addition to its religious role, the bell tower became a symbol of Moscow's growth and power. For centuries, its height made it a literal and symbolic centerpiece of the city, reflecting the ambitions of the Russian state to become a powerful empire.

Ivan the Great Bell-Tower

Today, the Ivan the Great Bell Tower is part of the Moscow Kremlin Museums. Visitors can explore the tower and climb to the viewing platform for breathtaking views of the Kremlin and the city of Moscow. The bells are still present, though they are no longer rung regularly, preserving the historical ambiance of the structure.

Tsar Bell: World's Largest Bell

The Tsar Bell (Царь-колокол), located in front of the Ivan the Great Bell Tower in the Moscow Kremlin, is the largest bell ever cast, weighing an astonishing 223 tons (445,000 lbs!) and standing over 6 meters (20 feet) tall.

Tsar Bell

Despite its immense size and grandeur, the Tsar Bell has never been rung. History The bell was commissioned by Empress Anna Ioannovna in 1730, in the hope of creating a masterpiece that would surpass all other bells in size and beauty. The bell was cast between 1733 and 1735 by Ivan Motorin and his son Mikhail, prominent bell founders of the time. The casting process was complex and required a massive furnace, enormous molds and a large workforce.

Unfortunately, a fire in the Kremlin in 1737 caused the bell to crack while it was still cooling in its mold. In the rush to extinguish the fire, cold water was poured onto the heated bell, causing a massive 11.5-ton chunk to break off. The bell has remained in its broken state ever since, never making it to its intended place in a belfry.

Tsar Bell

The Tsar Bell is elaborately decorated with bas-relief carvings, including religious icons, images of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and Empress Anna Ioannovna and intricate floral designs. The craftsmanship is remarkable, showcasing the detailed artistry that went into its creation. The bell was meant to symbolize the grandeur and might of the Russian Empire, not only through its sheer size but also through its decoration, linking the power of the state with religious devotion. Its artistic and decorative elements are considered some of the finest examples of Russian metalwork from the 18th century.

The Tsar Bell is a symbol of Russian ambition and a reminder of the challenges and misfortunes that sometimes accompany great endeavors. Although it never fulfilled its purpose, it remains a major tourist attraction and an iconic symbol of the Kremlin. The bell reflects Russia’s long-standing tradition of casting large bells for Orthodox churches, which were central to religious life in the country.

The Tsar Bell was never hung in a bell tower and remained in the casting pit for nearly a century. In 1836, it was lifted out of the pit by French engineer Auguste de Montferrand (also known for designing St. Isaac’s Cathedral in St. Petersburg) and placed on a stone pedestal in front of the Ivan the Great Bell Tower, where it remains today as a historical monument. Despite its broken state, the Tsar Bell is an integral part of the Kremlin’s architectural ensemble and is admired by visitors from around the world for its size, beauty and the story of its creation.

Kremlin Senate Palace: Official Residence of the President of Russia

The Kremlin Senate Palace (Сенатский дворец) is a striking neoclassical building located within the Moscow Kremlin. Originally built as the seat of the Russian Senate, it now serves as one of the official residences of the President of Russia.

Kremlin Senate Palace Residence of Russian President. Spasskaya Bashnya tower at right.

The Kremlin Senate Palace stands as an iconic structure both historically and architecturally, showcasing the grandeur of Russian imperial design. The Senate Palace was commissioned by Empress Catherine the Great in 1776, who envisioned a majestic building to house the administrative functions of the Russian Empire. The design of the palace was entrusted to renowned Russian architect Matvey Kazakov, one of the leading neoclassical architects of his time. The building was completed in 1787 and became the seat of the governing body known as the Senate, a crucial institution for the administration and judicial processes of the empire.

During the Soviet era, the Kremlin Senate became home to various governmental organizations, including the Council of Ministers. After the fall of the Soviet Union, the palace transitioned into an official residence for the Russian President.

Kremlin Senate Palace

The Kremlin Senate Palace exemplifies neoclassical architecture with its imposing façade, grand symmetry and balanced proportions. The building is shaped in a triangular form, with its central domed rotunda being the most recognizable feature. The dome is crowned by a gilded spire, which serves as a visual focal point and enhances the palace's regal appearance. The rotunda itself houses the Senate Hall, an expansive circular chamber that was once the primary meeting place for Russian senators. The palace's exterior is characterized by rows of grand Corinthian columns and austere, elegant lines typical of the neoclassical style. One of the defining features of the Senate Palace is its green roof, which distinguishes it from other Kremlin buildings and offers a striking contrast to the white and gold of the palace’s dome. The building's overall design seamlessly blends into the Kremlin’s architectural ensemble while maintaining its own unique identity.

The Kremlin Senate Palace holds great political significance as the seat of the Russian Presidency today. It symbolizes the continuity of Russian statehood, linking the imperial past with modern governance. The Senate Palace is not open to the public due to its role as a government building, but its exterior can be admired from various points within the Kremlin.

As a symbol of power, governance and historical continuity, the Senate Palace continues to play an essential role in Russian political life. Its design, which balances imperial grandeur with neoclassical restraint, reflects the architectural ideals of 18th-century Russia and its continued use by Russian leaders highlights its enduring relevance.

Tsar Cannon

The Tsar Cannon (Царь-пушка) is one of the most famous historical monuments located within the Kremlin in Moscow, Russia. This massive artillery piece, designed primarily as a show of power rather than a functional weapon, has become a symbol of Russian military grandeur and craftsmanship.

Tsar Cannon

The Tsar Cannon was cast in 1586 during the reign of Tsar Fyodor I, the son of Ivan the Terrible, by renowned Russian cannon-maker Andrey Chokhov. It was intended as a super-sized defense piece to protect the Kremlin. However, despite its imposing size and intricate craftsmanship, the cannon was never fired in battle. Its primary purpose was symbolic, representing the military strength and authority of the Tsar's rule.

Over time, the cannon became an important symbol of the Russian state. It was displayed prominently in various locations before being permanently moved to its current position on Ivanovskaya Square within the Kremlin grounds in the 18th century.

The Tsar Cannon is an enormous bronze artillery piece, weighing over 39 tons and measuring 5.34 meters (17.5 feet) in length. The barrel alone has a diameter of 890 mm (35 inches), making it one of the largest caliber cannons ever made. The cannon is adorned with ornate reliefs and inscriptions, including depictions of Tsar Fyodor I riding a horse, symbolizing his leadership and military prowess. The barrel is also elaborately decorated with vine-like patterns and floral motifs, showcasing the exceptional craftsmanship of its time.

Despite its formidable appearance, the Tsar Cannon was likely never intended to be fired. Although it is technically a bombarda - a type of siege cannon capable of firing large projectiles - the size of the cannonballs it could fire (weighing over a ton each) and the sheer impracticality of loading and firing such a large weapon suggest it was more a symbol of power than a practical military tool.

Tsar Cannon

Next to the cannon are four large decorative cannonballs, made of cast iron, which are not functional but were added later as part of its display.

The Tsar Cannon holds a prominent place in Russian history and culture as a symbol of Russia's military might during the reign of the Tsars. Although never used in combat, it represents the desire of Russian rulers to project power and influence, both domestically and internationally. Over the centuries, the cannon has become one of Moscow's most recognizable landmarks, drawing visitors from around the world to admire its size, craftsmanship and historical importance. It is often seen alongside other Kremlin attractions like the Tsar Bell (see above), with which it shares a similar symbolic role - grand in scale but largely ceremonial in function.

The Tsar Cannon remains one of the largest and most well-preserved examples of medieval artillery in the world. Its immense size and intricate design continue to fascinate visitors and historians alike, serving as a reminder of Russia's imperial past and the artistic and technical skill of its craftsmen. As one of the treasures of the Kremlin, the Tsar Cannon is an enduring symbol of Moscow’s rich history and the grandeur of the Russian state.

From here, we start walking back generally towards Nikolskaya St. and Ploschad Revolyutsii (Revolution Square) to take the metro back to our hotel.

Bolshoi Theater

The Bolshoi Theatre (Большой театр) is, of course, one of the most iconic and prestigious theaters in the world. It is located at 1 Theatre Square very close to Ploschad Revolyutsii (Revolution Square).

Founded in 1776, the Bolshoi Theatre has a long and rich history. It has been destroyed and rebuilt several times, most notably after a fire in 1812 and during World War II. The current building, designed by architect Konstantin Thon, was completed in 1856 and is considered a masterpiece of neoclassical architecture.

Bolshoi Theater

The Bolshoi Theatre has played a crucial role in Russian culture and has been a symbol of national pride for centuries. It is renowned for its world-class ballet and opera performances and has produced many famous dancers and singers. The building's exterior is characterized by its grand scale, symmetry and ornate details. The interior is equally impressive, with a lavishly decorated auditorium, ornate boxes and a stunning chandelier. The Bolshoi's architecture reflects the grandeur and opulence of the Russian Empire.

Karl Marx Monument

The Karl Marx monument (Памятник Карлу Марксу) at 1/4 Teatral'nyy Proyezd in Ploschad Revolyutsii (Revolution Square) is located directly in front of the Bolshoi Theatre.

Karl Marx monument

The statue is a colossal bronze figure of Karl Marx, depicting him as a speaker addressing the masses. He stands on a podium, with the famous Communist slogan "Proletarians of All Countries, Unite!" inscribed on the front of the monument.

The monument is made from a massive block of gray granite and weighs an impressive 160 tons. The granite was quarried near Dnepropetrovsk (now Dnipro, Ukraine). Erected in 1961, the monument was a symbol of the Soviet Union's adherence to Marxist principles. Its location near the iconic Bolshoi Theatre further emphasized its significance.

While its prominence has somewhat diminished since the fall of the Soviet Union, the monument remains a historical artifact and a reminder of Moscow's communist past.

Nikolskaya Street

Lego Yoda at Nikolskaya Street, Moscow

Nikolskaya Street is a historic pedestrian street in Moscow, located in the heart of the city. It connects Red Square with the Bolshoi Theatre.

Nikolskaya Street

Known for its elegant architecture, bustling atmosphere and vibrant nightlife, Nikolskaya Street is a popular destination for both locals and tourists.

Nikolskaya Street

Nikolskaya Street is lined with a variety of shops, restaurants and cafes, offering a diverse range of goods and services.

Nikolskaya Street

Some of the notable landmarks along Nikolskaya Street include the Nikolsky Cathedral, the TsUM department store and the Metropol Hotel.

Moscow Printing House

The Moscow Printing House, also known as Moscow Print Yard (Московский печатный двор) is a historically significant structure located at 15 Nikolskaya St in central Moscow, near Red Square. It holds an essential place in Russian history, as it was the site of the first state printing house in Russia.

Moscow Print Yard

Founded in 1553 during the reign of Ivan the Terrible, the Print Yard became the birthplace of the Russian book-printing industry. The building dates back to the 16th century and played a critical role in the spread of literacy and knowledge throughout Russia. It was here that Ivan Fyodorov, the first printer and his colleagues began printing Russia's first dated book, the Apostle, in 1564.

The Print Yard continued its work through the centuries, even surviving fires and renovations. The building itself has been rebuilt several times, reflecting different architectural styles.

Moscow Print Yard (Moscow Printing House)

The current architecture of the Moscow Print Yard blends different eras. Initially built in a medieval Russian style, the building underwent multiple reconstructions. It eventually acquired neoclassical and baroque influences during later renovations, though the original foundation is still present. Today, the façade is an elegant representation of old Moscow architecture, with ornate details that reflect the blend of its historical past and its evolution through the centuries.

The Print Yard is not only important for its historical association with the origins of book printing in Russia but also as a symbol of the nation's educational and cultural development. The books printed here laid the foundation for Russian literature, theology and science. In modern times, the Print Yard is part of Russia's architectural and historical heritage, symbolizing the spread of knowledge during a critical period in Russian history. Today, the building is integrated into the architectural landscape of Moscow and is a reminder of the city's rich cultural legacy. It continues to attract historians, tourists and scholars interested in the evolution of Russian print and literacy.

We locate a Moscow KFC for our dinner at Slavyanskiy (Славянский) Shopping Mall at 17 Nikolskaya St. adjacent to the Printing Yard.

KFC at Slavyanskiy (Славянский) Shopping Mall

The next morning, we head out to Moscow's Yaroslavskiy train station to board a train to Chita deep in Siberia for an epic ride on the Trans-Mongolian segment of Trans-Siberian Railway track leading to Irkutsk, Russia to Mongolia to China.

Moscow Yaroslavskiy Train Station

Note: Prose in this post received AI assistance from ChatGPT and  Gemini.