Mongolia: Ulaanbaatar to Central Asian Nomads of Gorkhi Terelj National Park - a Journey into Mongolia's Heart
 |
| Riding Mongolian Horses on Central Asian Steppes at Gorkhi-Terelj |
We enter Mongolia via the Trans-Mongolian Railway route of Trans-Siberian Railway from Russia.
 |
| Ulan Bator Railway Station (composite) |
Mongolia is a land of stark contrasts, where the bustling modernity of its capital, Ulaanbaatar, meets the ancient rhythms of nomadic life in the surrounding countryside. If you’re looking for a travel experience that blends urban discovery with immersive cultural encounters in a breathtaking natural landscape, Mongolia offers it all.
 |
| A triple rainbow rises over our Ger in Telerj National Park |
Here’s what it’s like to explore Ulan Bator and venture out to the Ger camps at Gorkhi-Terelj National Park, where meeting nomadic families is a gateway to understanding this extraordinary way of life.
Discovering Ulaanbaatar: Mongolia’s Thriving Capital
 |
| Ulaanbaatar Sunset |
Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia’s largest city, is the first stop for any traveler exploring the country. The city is a blend of Soviet-era architecture, glittering skyscrapers and temples that reflect the city’s rich Buddhist heritage. Start your day in Sukhbaatar Square, the heart of the city, dominated by a grand statue of Genghis Khan, Mongolia’s most legendary figure. The square is flanked by government buildings and the State Opera House, offering a fascinating look at the nation’s history and its ambitions.
From there, head to the Gandan Monastery, the city’s largest and most important Buddhist temple complex, where you can witness monks chanting prayers and observe locals engaging in spiritual practices. This is one of the few monasteries that survived Mongolia's socialist era and it’s still a thriving center of spiritual life.
The Tuul River flowing through Ulan Bator is a vital waterway in Mongolia, holding significant cultural and ecological importance. The 882.8 kilometers (549 miles) Tuul river originates in the Khentii Mountains and flows through Ulaanbaatar eventually merging with the Orkhon River. The Tuul River, often called the "Hatan Tuul" or "Queen Tuul," is revered by Mongolians. It is mentioned in the "Secret History of the Mongols" and is associated with the palace of Ong Khan. The river supports various wildlife, including endangered sturgeon species. It is a crucial water source for Ulan Bator, the capital city. However, pollution from the city and mining activities threaten the river's health.
Sukhbaatar Square, Ulaanbaatar
 |
| Sukhbaatar Square (composite) |
Sukhbaatar Square (Сүхбаатарын талбай), also known as Chinggis Square and Genghis Khan Square, is the central square of Ulaanbaatar and a focal point for the city’s political, cultural and social life. Named after Damdin Sukhbaatar, a revered revolutionary hero who helped lead Mongolia to independence from Chinese rule, the square stands as a symbol of Mongolia’s national pride and historical journey.
 |
| National Museum of Mongolia |
The Government Palace, a prominent landmark on Sukhbaatar Square, is a symbol of Mongolia's political power. This imposing structure houses the offices of the President and Prime Minister, as well as the State Great Khural, the Parliament of Mongolia (Засгийн газрын ордон), office of the Mongolian State Congress (улсын их хурлын тамгын газар).
 |
| Government Palace / Parliament of Mongolia (Засгийн газрын ордон) |
Government Palace's imposing facade, adorned with intricate details and a large colonnade monument featuring statues of Genghis Khan and his descendants, reflects both historical grandeur and modern architectural elements. The palace stands as a testament to Mongolia's rich heritage and its aspirations for the future.
The Mongolian Theatre Museum (Монголын Театрын Музей) nestled within the square, offers a captivating journey through the rich history of Mongolian performing arts. This museum houses a diverse collection of artifacts, including costumes, masks, musical instruments and stage props, showcasing the evolution of traditional and modern theater in Mongolia.
 |
| Mongolian Theatre Museum |
Visitors can explore exhibits dedicated to various theatrical forms, from traditional puppetry to contemporary drama. The museum also features photographs, documents and personal belongings of renowned Mongolian actors and directors, providing insights into the lives and contributions of these cultural icons.
 |
| Sukhbaatar Square |
Located in the heart of Ulaanbaatar, the square spans over 31,000 square meters and is surrounded by some of Mongolia's most important buildings, including Government Palace, State Opera and Ballet Theatre, the Cultural Palace and the National Museum of Mongolian History also known as the National Museum of Mongolia (Монголын Үндэсний Музей). The modern sailboat-shaped building behind the square is the Blue Sky Hotel and Tower, a 5-star hotel whose rooftop bar provides breathtaking panoramic views of Ulan Bator skyline.
 |
| Sukhbaatar Square (composite) |
At the center stands a statue of Damdin Sukhbaatar on horseback (Сүхбаатарын хөшөө), symbolizing his role in Mongolia’s fight for independence in the 1920s.
 |
| Equestrian statue of Damdin Sükhbaatar |
Damdin Sukhbaatar was a pivotal figure in Mongolia's history, celebrated as the "Father of Mongolia's Revolution." Born in 1893, he played a crucial role in establishing the Mongolian People's Republic in 1921. Sukhbaatar, a skilled military leader, led the Mongolian People's Army in defeating both Chinese and White Russian forces that occupied Mongolia. His efforts were instrumental in liberating the country and securing its independence. He served as the first Minister of War in the new government, solidifying his legacy as a founding father of modern Mongolia.
 |
| Damdin Sukhbaatar statue |
Sukhbaatar Square is also home to a grand Genghis Khan Statue at the northern end, part of a monument featuring his successors, Ögedei Khan and Kublai Khan. This addition reflects a revival of pride in Mongolia’s imperial history and Genghis Khan’s legacy as the founder of the Mongol Empire.
 |
| Damdin Sukhbaatar Monument |
The pink and white State Opera and Ballet Academic Theatre (Улсын Дуурь Бүжгийн Эрдмийн Театр), a magnificent neoclassical building situated on Sukhbaatar Square, is a cultural gem of Ulan Bator. Established in 1963, this prestigious institution showcases a diverse repertoire of opera and ballet performances, blending classical Western traditions with Mongolian folk elements.
 |
| State Opera and Ballet Academic Theatre |
The theater's talented artists and world-class orchestra deliver captivating performances that transport audiences to different worlds, from the grandeur of historical epics to the delicate beauty of romantic ballets. A visit to this theater offers a unique opportunity to experience the rich cultural heritage and artistic excellence of Mongolia. The shiny building next to the Opera House is The Central Tower, an office tower built in 2009.
 |
| Sukhbaatar Square |
The square has been the site of many pivotal moments in Mongolian history, including the 1990 Democratic Revolution that ended the one-party system and led to democratic reforms. Today, it is used for national celebrations, ceremonies and events.
Festivals, such as Naadam - Mongolia’s most important cultural festival featuring traditional wrestling, archery and horse racing - often have events or gatherings here.
 |
| Sukhbaatar Square |
With its wide open spaces, historic statues and surrounding architecture, Sukhbaatar Square is a must-visit for anyone wanting to experience the cultural and political heart of Mongolia. The square is often alive with locals and tourists, as well as street artists, vendors and cultural performers.
In winter, the square becomes even more magical with ice sculptures and festive decorations. Whether you’re interested in history, architecture, or simply people-watching, Sukhbaatar Square is a powerful reminder of Mongolia’s enduring spirit and rich heritage.
The Cashmere Factory Store
 |
| EVSEG Cashmere Factory Store |
The EVSEG Cashmere Factory Store is a renowned destination for high-quality cashmere products in Ulan Bator. Located in the heart of the city, this store offers a wide range of luxurious items, including sweaters, scarves, hats and gloves, all crafted from the finest Mongolian cashmere. Shoppers can explore the store's elegant interior and browse the extensive collection, while knowledgeable staff provide assistance and information about the production process. Note: The Vagabond Couple Travel Blog is not affiliated with any way with the EVSEG Cashmere Factory Store and this is not a paid promotion.
Gandan Monastery (Gandantegchinlen Monastery), Ulaanbaatar: Mongolia's Spiritual Heart
 |
| Gandan Monastery |
The Gandantegchinlen Monastery (Гандантэгчинлэн Хийд), often referred to simply as Gandan Monastery, is the largest and most significant Buddhist monastery in Mongolia. Located in the capital city of Ulan Bator, it serves as an important spiritual center and is a hub for religious activity, attracting both worshippers and tourists alike.
 |
| Gandan Monastery |
Founded in the early 19th century (circa 1838), the Gandan Monastery has been central to Mongolia's Buddhist heritage for centuries. Its name, Gandantegchinlen, translates to "the Great Place of Complete Joy," which reflects its role as a sanctuary for spiritual reflection and peace.
 |
| Gandan Monastery |
During Mongolia's socialist period in the 20th century, the monastery was one of the few that survived widespread religious suppression. It was closed for several years but reopened in 1944 and continues to function as a working monastery.
 |
| Gandan Monastery |
The monastery complex is a blend of traditional Tibetan-style architecture and Mongolian influences. The most striking feature of Gandan Monastery is the Megal Buddha Statue, also known as Migjid Janraisig, which stands at 26.5 meters (87 feet) tall.
 |
| Gandan Monastery |
This golden statue of Avalokiteshvara, the Buddha of Compassion, dominates the main hall and is a stunning work of religious art. It is adorned with semi-precious stones and is a symbol of peace and compassion.
 |
| Gandan Monastery |
Visitors can also see several other temples and shrines within the monastery grounds, each with its own unique style, detailed frescoes and sacred relics. The monastery’s open courtyards and prayer wheels provide an immersive spiritual atmosphere, where monks are often seen performing daily rituals.
 |
| Gandan Monastery |
Gandan Monastery remains a functioning center for Buddhism in Mongolia, where hundreds of monks reside and study. It plays an essential role in preserving Buddhist teachings and practices, especially after the revival of religion following the fall of socialism in the 1990s.
 |
| Gandan Monastery |
Today, Gandan Monastery attracts both pilgrims from across Mongolia and international tourists interested in Mongolia’s spiritual and cultural heritage.
 |
| Gandan Monastery |
The Gandan Monastery is also significant in Mongolia's modern history. It serves as a reminder of the resilience of religious practices and the Mongolian people's enduring connection to Buddhism.
 |
| Gandan Monastery |
In addition to its religious services, Gandan is a popular site for important Buddhist ceremonies and festivals, such as Tsagaan Sar (Mongolian Lunar New Year).
 |
| Gandan Monastery |
A visit to Gandan Monastery offers a glimpse into the spiritual life of Mongolia. The tranquil atmosphere, intricate architecture and rich history make it one of the most important cultural and religious landmarks in Ulaanbaatar.
 |
| Gandan Monastery |
The chants of monks, the spinning of prayer wheels and the sight of devotees offering prayers lend the monastery a timeless, peaceful energy that reflects the enduring spirituality of Mongolian Buddhism.
 |
| Gandan Monastery |
Ulaanbaatar’s National Museum of Mongolia at Sukhbaatar Square (see above) is another must-visit, where you can explore exhibits showcasing Mongolia's rich history from the time of the great Khans to the modern era. The city's vibrant food scene is also worth exploring - whether you're dining at a traditional khorkhog barbecue or trying Mongolian buuz dumplings at a local eatery.
Buddha Park, Ulaanbaatar: A Peaceful Oasis at the Foot of Zaisan Hill
Nestled at the base of Zaisan Tolgoi Hill in Ulan Bator, the International Buddha Park is a serene sanctuary that offers a peaceful escape from the bustling city. Established in 2007, this park is dedicated to peace, compassion and spiritual reflection and it has become an important cultural and religious site for locals and visitors alike.
The Golden Buddha: Grand Statue of Buddha Shakyamuni
 |
| Buddha statue at Buddha Park |
The International Buddha Park’s main feature is a magnificent Buddha Shakyamuni statue, standing at an impressive 23 meters (75 feet) tall. Made of U-light, a material from Korea that is resistant to wind and water for over 500 years, the Golden Buddha is designed to radiate tranquility and is often the focal point of the park. Surrounded by prayer wheels, it invites visitors to engage in quiet reflection or meditation and to experience the spiritual calm that characterizes Buddhist philosophy. The Buddha statue at Buddha Park gazes out towards Ulaanbaatar and is believed to watch over the city for peace and harmony. There is also a small room with thangkas, sutras and images of the Buddha and his disciples. Unfortunately, the site is surrounded by jarring residential towers, some complete and some under construction, severely impacting the visual impact of the remarkable statue.
The International Buddha Park was constructed to promote Buddhist values and serve as a symbol of Mongolia's enduring Buddhist heritage, which has seen revival in recent decades after years of suppression during the communist era. The park is frequented by locals who come to offer prayers, spin the prayer wheels and pay respects, making it a space for religious practice and community gathering. It also stands as a testament to the deep ties Mongolia shares with Buddhism, particularly in its Tibetan Buddhist tradition.
 |
| Buddha Statue at Buddha Park |
Located at the foot of Zaisan Hill, the park offers a tranquil, scenic setting with landscaped gardens, benches and paths that wind through the area. With Zaisan Monument towering above and Ulaanbaatar spread out below, visitors can enjoy both the peaceful atmosphere of the park and the impressive views of the city and the surrounding mountains. This blend of nature, spirituality and views makes the park a favorite spot for quiet contemplation or simply to take a break from urban life.
 |
| Residential towers (Bella Vista 500) around Buddha Park |
For those exploring Ulaanbaatar, a stop at the International Buddha Park is both a cultural and spiritual experience. It is easily accessible by bus 8 or 52 as part of a visit to Zaisan Monument and the combination of the two landmarks provides a unique perspective on Mongolia's history, spirituality and natural beauty. The park’s quiet ambiance and the towering Buddha statue make it an ideal place to experience the peaceful side of Ulaanbaatar while reflecting on Mongolia's rich Buddhist heritage.
Zaisan Monument: A Tribute to Soviet-Mongolian Friendship in Ulaanbaatar
 |
| Zaisan Hill Complex |
Perched on a hill overlooking Ulaanbaatar, the Zaisan Monument (Зайсан толгой) is one of Mongolia’s most iconic landmarks, commemorating the soldiers of the Soviet Union and Mongolia who fought together during World War II. Built by the Soviet Union in the 1970s, the monument stands as a symbol of Soviet-Mongolian friendship and is a notable part of Ulaanbaatar's skyline.
 |
| Zaisan Hill Complex (composite) |
Located on a hill south of Ulan Bator, Zaisan Monument offers panoramic views of the entire city, framed by the backdrop of the Tuul River and the Bogd Khan Mountain. The climb up to the monument is a journey itself, requiring visitors to ascend around 600 steps that lead from the base to the top of the hill.
 |
| Zaisan Monument |
Though steep, the ascent rewards visitors with sweeping, unobstructed views of Ulaanbaatar and its surrounding landscapes, making it a popular spot for photography and sightseeing.
 |
| Stairs leading up to Zaisan Monument |
The Zaisan Monument consists of a circular mural and a towering pillar inscribed with imagery and symbols representing Mongolian and Soviet military cooperation. The mural depicts various scenes from World War II, including battles, moments of solidarity and achievements in technology and space exploration. It honors the shared sacrifice and historic alliance between Mongolia and the Soviet Union during a pivotal era.
 |
| Zaisan Monument |
Beyond its Soviet connections, the monument has become a popular spot for reflection, national pride and patriotism. It serves as a reminder of Mongolia's 20th-century alliances and complex history with the Soviet Union, representing both camaraderie and a critical part of Mongolian history. Each year, it attracts local residents and tourists alike who come to pay respects, enjoy the views, or learn about Mongolia's role in the global conflicts of the 20th century.
 |
| Zaisan Monument |
Today, Zaisan Monument is more than just a war memorial; it’s a prominent lookout point and an integral part of Ulan Bator's cultural landscape.
 |
| Zaisan Monument |
The area around the monument has been developed with restaurants, coffee shops and parks, enhancing the visitor experience. At sunrise or sunset, the monument becomes particularly enchanting, with the hill offering an ideal spot to capture Ulaanbaatar bathed in soft, golden light.
 |
| Residential apartment towers around Zaisan Hill Complex (composite) |
Chinggis Khaan Equestrian Statue
The Chinggis Khaan Equestrian Statue Complex (Чингис Хааны Морьт Хөшөөт Цогцолбор) near Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, is an awe-inspiring monument to Mongolia’s revered leader, Chinggis Khan (Genghis Khan).
 |
| Panorama from viewing platform on Chinggis Khaan Statue (composite) |
Located approximately 55 kilometers east of the capital, this colossal statue, at 40 meters (131 feet) high, is the largest equestrian statue in the world, depicting the legendary Khan atop his horse.
 |
| Chinggis Khaan Statue Complex panorama |
Built from stainless steel, the statue reflects sunlight dramatically, adding to its grandeur and visible prominence across the steppe.
 |
| Chinggis Khaan Statue |
Visitors can explore a multi-story museum at its base, showcasing exhibits on Mongolia’s rich nomadic heritage, weaponry and artifacts from the Khan’s era.
 |
| Chinggis Khaan Statue |
Here in the museum, a visitor can dress up like a Mongol Queen and visiting families can sit down in traditional Mongol leaders huts.
 |
| Chinggis Khaan Statue |
A central attraction is the observation deck atop the horse’s head, reached by an elevator inside the statue, offering sweeping views of the surrounding plains and mountains.
 |
| Entrance gate to Chinggis Khaan Statue Complex |
The complex is a powerful symbol of Mongolian pride, history and Genghis Khan's enduring legacy as a unifier and strategist.
The Museum at Genghis Khan Statue Complex
The museum at the Chinggis Khaan Statue Complex offers a rich, immersive experience into Mongolia's history, culture and the life of its most famous leader, Genghis Khan. Located within the base of the towering statue, this museum is divided into two main sections. One side presents a comprehensive history of the Mongolian Empire, with displays of traditional Mongolian clothing, artifacts and weaponry, illustrating the ingenuity and skill of the Mongolian armies that expanded one of the largest empires in history.
One of the activities at the museum is dressing up in Mongolian royal attire. Traditional Mongolian noble or royal attire is renowned for its ornate elegance, vibrant colors and intricate details. The costume often includes a deel - a long, lavishly decorated silk robe fastened with a wide, embroidered belt. These robes are usually in bright colors, symbolizing vitality and are adorned with precious metals, stones and sometimes intricate patterns symbolizing Mongolian heritage.
 |
| Dressing up as Mongolian woman in noble (royal) costume with high headdress |
The high headdress, or bogtag, is one of the most striking features of Mongolian royal dress. Worn by noble women, the bogtag is typically a tall, structured headdress made of silver and decorated with coral, turquoise, pearls and other gemstones. It is designed to be visually commanding and is associated with high status. Each element of the costume and headdress reflects the cultural richness, social rank and the connection to Mongolian identity and nature, especially in the royal and noble circles where clothing was used to display wealth and influence.
Traditional Mongolian chain mail armor was a critical element of Mongol warriors' battlefield attire, blending practicality with lightweight protection. Made from small, interlinked metal rings, this armor was often worn over a padded leather or silk tunic. The chain mail provided both flexibility and strong resistance against arrows, swords and spears, allowing the Mongol warriors the agility they needed in their highly mobile, horse-mounted combat style.
 |
| Mongolian Chain Mail Armor and Helmet |
Mongolian chain mail was typically crafted with iron or steel rings, sometimes in multiple layers for added protection. The armor was designed to protect the torso, shoulders and arms, though additional protection for the head, like a metal helmet, was common. Beyond its utility, Mongolian armor also carried cultural significance, symbolizing the strength and resilience of the warriors who wore it as they expanded the Mongol Empire across vast territories in the 13th and 14th centuries. The chain mail armor exemplified the Mongols' commitment to practical yet effective military technology that contributed significantly to their success in warfare.
The Mongolian Double Sword, also known as the double-edged sword or kharbukh, is a unique weapon associated with Mongolian warriors and the vast Mongol Empire. Unlike the single-edged, slightly curved swords commonly seen in other Asian regions, the Mongolian double sword has two edges, often making it a fearsome tool for both offense and defense. This design allowed for swift, balanced strikes in both directions, giving the wielder versatility in close combat situations, especially beneficial for Mongol warriors who fought both on foot and horseback.
 |
| Kharbukh: Mongolian Double Sword of the Khalkh Shaman |
Crafted with durable materials like iron and steel, the double sword often featured a robust blade that was slightly curved but symmetric, allowing it to balance speed and slicing capability with the strength to pierce armor. The hilt was frequently designed for a firm grip, suitable for the swift transitions and powerful maneuvers characteristic of Mongolian fighting techniques. This weapon played an essential role in the Mongolian arsenal, symbolizing their efficient and effective combat methods, which combined mobility, strength and versatility to devastating effect across the empire's expansive campaigns.
One of the swords displayed at the museum (picture above) belonged to a shaman practicing among the Khalkha Mongols, the largest ethnic group in Mongolia. These Khalkh Shamans are spiritual leaders who communicate with the spirit world to heal the sick, predict the future and protect their communities. While Tibetan Buddhism became the dominant religion in Mongolia, shamanism has continued to coexist, particularly in rural areas. Khalkh shamans often incorporate elements of both Buddhist and shamanistic practices into their rituals.
Another double-edged Mongol sword on display at the museum belonged to the Darkhad Shaman who practice among the Darkhad people, an ethnic group indigenous to northern Mongolia.
 |
| Another Kharbukh: Mongolian double sword of the Darkhad Shaman |
One unique aspect of Darkhad shamanism is the belief that they are the guardians of the soul of Genghis Khan. According to legend, a shaman captured a fragment of Genghis Khan's soul before his death and entrusted the Darkhad people with its protection. This belief has deep cultural significance for the Darkhad and shapes their spiritual practices.
The Mongol battle shield was a crucial defensive tool for Mongol warriors, designed for mobility and adaptability on the battlefield. Made from layers of materials like hardened leather, wood and, at times, iron reinforcements, these Mongol shields were typically circular in shape and light enough to wield efficiently on horseback. Their design allowed for quick movements without sacrificing protection, which was essential for Mongol cavalry who relied on speed and agility.
 |
| Mongol Iron Shield |
The outer surface of the shield was often decorated with symbolic patterns or reinforced studs, combining function with a sense of intimidation. Some shields were painted or adorned with symbols associated with strength or protection, aligning with Mongol spiritual beliefs and warrior culture. These shields played a vital role in the Mongol warfare strategy, which emphasized flexible combat formations and defense against ranged weapons like arrows. As a result, Mongol battle shields were both functional and emblematic, representing the empire's unique fusion of practicality and cultural identity in warfare.
The Mongolian Bow was a powerful and advanced weapon that played a central role in the success of the Mongol Empire's conquests. Known for its distinctive recurve design, the Mongolian bow was a composite weapon crafted from layers of wood, horn and sinew, bound together with animal glue. This design gave the bow incredible tensile strength and a high draw weight, allowing it to release arrows at impressive speeds and with deadly force, even at long distances.
 |
| Mongolian Bow and Arrow |
Compact and highly efficient, the Mongolian bow was specifically suited for mounted archery. Its smaller size allowed Mongol warriors to shoot while riding at full gallop, a skill that became one of their most feared tactical advantages. These bows could penetrate armor and strike targets hundreds of meters away, making Mongol archers formidable on any terrain. The craftsmanship involved in making a Mongolian bow was meticulous, with each one taking months to create, reflecting the Mongols' commitment to precision and functionality in battle. The Mongolian bow remains a symbol of the Mongols' ingenuity, adaptability and the powerful legacy of their empire in archery.
At this museum at the Genghis Khan Statue Complex near Ulaanbaatar, a unique Buddhist sutra on display offers insight into Mongolia’s spiritual heritage and historical engagement with Buddhism. The sutra, often carefully preserved on intricately decorated pages or scrolls, represents Mongolia's centuries-old connection with Tibetan Buddhism, which gained prominence during the Yuan Dynasty when Khubilai Khan, the grandson of Chinggis Khan, adopted Buddhism.
 |
| Buddhist Sutra |
The sutras are typically written in classical Mongolian script, Tibetan, or Sanskrit, showing the blending of cultural and spiritual influences in Mongolian history. In these preserved texts, visitors can see the delicate craftsmanship of traditional Buddhist manuscripts, often adorned with vibrant pigments and gold accents on fine paper or cloth, used to symbolize the sacred nature of the teachings. The sutra in the museum not only offers a glimpse into Buddhist practices but also reflects Mongolia's historical reverence for literature, spirituality and art as essential aspects of their culture.
A beautifully crafted wooden chess set is on display at the museum, offering a look at Mongolia's appreciation for strategy, intellect and art. This unique set reflects traditional Mongolian craftsmanship, with each piece meticulously carved to depict figures inspired by Mongolian warriors, animals, or historical icons. The wooden board and pieces, often made from native woods, show intricate designs that celebrate both Mongolia’s artistry and its nomadic heritage.
 |
| Mongolian wooden chess set |
Chess holds a special place in Mongolian culture, symbolizing strategic thinking, a skill revered among Mongol leaders and warriors. For the Mongols, chess is not merely a game but a mental discipline linked to historic and military strategies. This chess set is not only a reminder of the importance of mind games in Mongolian culture but also a testament to the enduring legacy of craftsmanship that has been passed down through generations. Visitors to the museum can experience firsthand the cultural significance of chess, alongside many other artifacts that celebrate Mongolia’s historical and intellectual achievements.
Among the musical instruments displayed at the Museum is the remarkable Morin Khuur, often referred to as the Mongolian horsehead fiddle, the traditional Mongolian string instrument renowned for its distinctive shape and rich, expressive sound. Characterized by its two strings, the Morin Khuur is typically made from wood, with the body resembling a hollow box that amplifies its sound. What sets this instrument apart is its unique scroll, which is carved in the shape of a horse's head, symbolizing the deep connection between the Mongolian people and their horses.
 |
| Morin Khuur: Mongolian horsehead fiddle |
Historically, the Morin Khuur has been an integral part of Mongolian culture, often used in folk music, rituals and storytelling. It embodies the spirit of the steppes, evoking the sounds of nature and the nomadic lifestyle of the Mongolian people. The instrument is played using a bow, which is strung with horsehair, allowing musicians to produce a wide range of tones and emotions, from melancholic melodies to lively dances.
The Morin Khuur is not just a musical instrument; it is a cultural symbol that represents Mongolia's heritage, spirituality and love for nature. In 2010, UNESCO recognized the Morin Khuur as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, highlighting its significance in preserving Mongolian traditions and its role in the country's identity. Today, it continues to be celebrated in concerts, festivals and cultural events, captivating audiences with its hauntingly beautiful sound and storytelling capabilities.
The other side of the museum is dedicated to showcasing archaeological finds, relics and insights into the lifestyle of the nomadic people, offering a glimpse into traditional practices that still shape Mongolian life today. Among the activities here is visitors can sit down in a nobleman's ger.
 |
| Mongol Nobleman's Ger |
In addition to exhibits, the museum features interactive displays, providing an engaging experience for visitors of all ages.
A replica of Genghis Khan's iconic golden whip, relics of significant battles and life-sized displays of Mongolian warriors help bring the era to life. The museum culminates with access to the observation deck, allowing visitors to ascend through the statue to stand on the horse’s head, with expansive views of the steppe that once inspired Chinggis Khan and his successors.
Gorkhi-Terelj National Park (Terelj National Park): A Gateway to Mongolia’s Wilderness
 |
| Gorkhi-Terelj National Park |
A few hours' drive from Ulaanbaatar, Gorkhi-Terelj National (Горхи-Тэрэлж БЦГ) offers a dramatic change of scenery. The park’s landscape is a stunning mix of rock formations, open plains and alpine forests.
 |
| Gorkhi-Terelj National Park |
One of the highlights of Gorkhi-Terelj is Turtle Rock, an enormous natural formation that resembles a turtle and the Aryapala Meditation Temple, perched on a hillside with panoramic views of the park.
 |
| Gorkhi-Terelj National Park (composite) |
But the real adventure begins when you stay in a traditional Ger camp. These circular, portable dwellings made of felt and wood are an iconic part of Mongolian life and many camps in Gorkhi-Terelj offer the chance to live like a nomad, if only for a few days. Sleeping in a Ger, warmed by a central stove, is an unforgettable experience that brings you closer to Mongolia’s nomadic heritage.
Staying in a Ger Camp
Staying in a Ger Camp in Mongolia is a unique and immersive experience that transports you into the heart of the country's nomadic culture. A ger, or yurt, is a traditional felt-covered tent that serves as the home for many Mongolian families and sleeping in one offers an intimate glimpse into their way of life.
 |
| Way to Ger Camp, Gorkhi Terelj National Park |
Upon arrival at the ger camp, guests are typically welcomed with warm hospitality, often accompanied by traditional Mongolian tea and snacks.
 |
| Steppe Landscape |
The landscape surrounding the camp is breathtaking, with vast, rolling steppes, rugged mountains and open skies that stretch as far as the eye can see.
 |
| Steppe Landscape |
This serene environment provides a stark contrast to the hustle and bustle of city life, allowing you to connect deeply with nature. Inside the ger, you’ll find a cozy and inviting atmosphere.
 |
| Ger Camp: Bayalag Resort |
The interior is usually adorned with colorful textiles, traditional furnishings and often features a central stove for heating. The layout is designed to create a warm and communal space where guests can relax and socialize. Accommodations are comfortable, with beds and essential amenities, while still maintaining a rustic charm.
 |
| Ger |
During your stay, you have the opportunity to engage in various activities that showcase the nomadic lifestyle. You participate in horse riding, explore the surrounding countryside, or even learn about traditional Mongolian customs and crafts from local families. Many ger camps also offer cultural performances, including throat singing and traditional music, enriching your understanding of Mongolian heritage.
 |
| Inside of our Ger |
Evenings in the ger camp can be magical. As the sun sets, the sky transforms into a canvas of vibrant colors and the stars begin to twinkle in the clear night sky. Sitting around a campfire, you can share stories with fellow travelers, enjoy traditional cuisine and relish the peacefulness of the Mongolian wilderness.
 |
| Large Ger: Dining Tent |
Overall, staying in a ger camp is not just about accommodation; it’s an immersive cultural experience that allows you to appreciate the rich traditions of Mongolia while enjoying the stunning natural beauty of the land. Disclaimer: The Vagabonds Couple Travel Blog is not affiliated in any way with Bayalag Resort.
Turtle Rock
 |
| Turtle Rock |
Turtle Rock (Мэлхий Хад), located in Gorkhi-Terelj National Park in Mongolia, is an iconic natural formation that resembles a giant tortoise, attracting visitors with its unique shape and stunning surroundings. This massive granite rock, known as Melkhii Khad in Mongolian, has been sculpted over centuries by weather and erosion, giving it the unmistakable likeness of a turtle. Standing at about 24 meters high, it has become a symbol of the park and is a popular spot for photos and short hikes.
 |
| Turtle Rock |
The area around Turtle Rock is serene, surrounded by the sprawling grasslands, alpine forests and dramatic rock formations that make Terelj National Park such a sought-after destination. Visitors often enjoy climbing the rock, exploring the nearby paths, or simply taking in the breathtaking panoramic views.
 |
| Turtle Rock |
Turtle Rock is also considered a culturally significant landmark, as the turtle is a revered symbol in Mongolian and Central Asian mythology, often representing longevity and endurance.
 |
| Turtle Rock, Terelj National Park (composite) |
Near Turtle Rock, visitors can explore more of the natural wonders and attractions within the park, including Buddhist temples, scenic valleys and traditional ger camps.
 |
| View of Terelj National Park from Turtle Rock |
The formation provides a beautiful backdrop and a glimpse into the natural and cultural essence of Mongolia, making it a memorable stop on any journey through the Mongolian wilderness.
Aryabal Buddhist Temple & Aryapala Temple Meditation Center: A Spiritual Retreat in the Mongolian Wilderness
 |
| Aryapala Temple Meditation Center & Aryabal Buddhist Temple, Terelj National Park |
Nestled amidst the serene landscapes of Terelj National Park, the Aryapala Temple Meditation Center and the adjacent Aryabal Buddhist Temple (Арьяабал бурханы бясалгал, номын хийд), offer a unique blend of history, culture and spiritual tranquility. This sacred site, steeped in centuries of Buddhist tradition, invites visitors to immerse themselves in a peaceful and contemplative environment.
 |
| Aryapala Temple Meditation Center & Aryabal Buddhist Temple, Terelj National Park |
The temple's origins trace back to the early 19th century when it was first established as a meditation retreat. Built in the traditional Tibetan architectural style, the temple's whitewashed walls and ornate roofline stand as a testament to the enduring influence of Tibetan Buddhism on Mongolian culture.
 |
| Aryapala Temple Meditation Center & Aryabal Buddhist Temple |
During the Soviet era, when religious practices were suppressed, the temple fell into disrepair. However, in recent years, it has undergone extensive restoration, revitalizing its spiritual significance and drawing visitors from around the world.
The Word of Wise Signs at Aryabal Buddhist Temple in Telrej is a series of 144 Buddhist teachings inscribed on signs lining the path to the temple. These teachings, written in both English and Mongolian, offer spiritual guidance and insights into the Buddhist philosophy. They serve as a reminder of the temple's purpose as a place of meditation and contemplation, inviting visitors to reflect on their own lives and connect with the deeper meaning of existence.
 |
| Aryapala Temple Meditation Center & Aryabal Buddhist Temple, Terelj National Park |
Today, the Aryapala Temple Meditation Center serves as a vibrant hub for Buddhist practitioners and spiritual seekers. The temple's serene atmosphere, coupled with the stunning natural beauty of the surrounding area, creates an ideal setting for meditation, contemplation and personal growth.
 |
| Aryapala Temple Meditation Center & Aryabal Buddhist Temple, Terelj National Park |
Visitors can participate in various meditation and yoga sessions led by experienced practitioners. The temple also offers opportunities for silent retreats, allowing individuals to delve deeper into their spiritual journey.
 |
| Aryapala Temple Meditation Center & Aryabal Buddhist Temple, Terelj National Park |
Beyond its spiritual significance, the Ariyapala Temple Meditation Center is a cultural treasure. Its intricate murals and statues depict stories from Buddhist mythology, offering insights into the rich cultural heritage of Mongolia. The temple's annual festivals and ceremonies provide opportunities for locals and visitors to connect with traditional Mongolian customs and beliefs.
 |
| Aryapala Temple Meditation Center & Aryabal Buddhist Temple, Terelj National Park |
A visit to the Ariyapala Temple Meditation Center is more than just a sightseeing excursion. It is an invitation to embark on a journey of self-discovery and spiritual awakening. Whether you're a seasoned meditator or simply seeking a peaceful retreat, this sacred site offers a transformative experience.
 |
| Aryapala Temple Meditation Center & Aryabal Buddhist Temple, Terelj National Park |
As you wander through the temple's serene courtyards and meditate in its tranquil chambers, you'll feel a sense of peace and harmony that will stay with you long after your visit. The Ariyapala Temple Meditation Center is a true gem, offering a unique blend of history, culture and spirituality in the heart of the Mongolian wilderness.
Living the Nomadic Life: Inside a Mongolian Nomad Family’s Ger
In the vast open landscapes of Mongolia, where mountains, steppes and deserts stretch for miles, the lifestyle of the Mongolian nomad family is deeply intertwined with nature and tradition. Living in a Ger, the traditional circular dwelling of Mongolia, each family follows age-old practices passed down through generations.
 |
| Visiting a Mongolian Nomad Family |
The Ger is more than a shelter; it’s a symbol of resilience, mobility and self-sufficiency, offering warmth in freezing winters and coolness in summers, allowing the nomadic Mongolian family to adapt to life on the move.
Constructing a Ger
A Ger’s unique design is rooted in Mongolian nomadic culture, constructed to endure Mongolia’s challenging climate and to be easily assembled and disassembled for travel. It’s typically built using wooden latticework for the walls, supporting poles for the roof and a felt covering made from wool or sheep skin.
 |
| Visiting a Mongolian Nomad Family |
Felt is crafted by pressing and boiling wool to create a thick, insulating material, making the Ger a warm refuge against harsh winters. Leather and hide from livestock serve as fasteners and support materials. Each component is designed for durability and the structure can be assembled in less than a few hours by the family.
Setting Up, Tearing Down and Moving to a New Location
Moving is a seasonal necessity for Mongolian nomads who follow pasture cycles for their livestock. When it’s time to relocate, the entire Ger is efficiently disassembled and packed onto a cart or truck, with each family member assigned a role. The poles, walls and felt are carefully rolled up, packed and tied, while larger parts like the central support poles are secured.
 |
| Visiting a Mongolian Nomad Family |
Once at a new location, the family reassembles the Ger quickly, honoring traditional methods and routines. The door of the Ger is always oriented south, a practice rooted in tradition for protection and connection with nature.
Food Sources, Preservation and Traditional Sweets
Mongolian nomadic families rely heavily on animal products for sustenance, with their diets centering around meat, milk and dairy products from their herds of sheep, goats, cattle, camels and yaks. Fermented milk is a staple ingredient, used to make traditional dairy products such as aaruul (dried milk curds) and tarag (yogurt). Aaruul, a tough, sweet-tasting curd, is made by fermenting and drying milk, then shaping it into small pieces to be stored for long periods. Fermented mare’s milk, known as airag, is a unique Mongolian beverage enjoyed as both a refreshing drink and a source of energy.
 |
| Visiting a Mongolian Nomad Family |
The family’s meals usually include buuz (dumplings), khuushuur (meat-filled pastries) and soups made with freshly butchered meat, all cooked over a fire fueled by dried dung or wood, depending on availability.
 |
| Visiting a Mongolian Nomad Family |
Grains like millet are combined with dairy to make porridge, while cheese and butter add to the diversity of their diet.
Herding Animals and Sustaining Livelihoods
Animal herding is central to the Mongolian nomadic lifestyle. Each family typically has a mixed herd of sheep, goats, yaks, horses and camels and members of the family take turns overseeing the animals. Herding requires skill, patience and an understanding of the terrain and seasons, as well as the ability to manage and rotate grazing areas.
 |
| Visiting a Mongolian Nomad Family |
The animals provide milk, meat, leather, wool and dung (for fuel), making them invaluable to daily life.
 |
| Visiting a Mongolian Nomad Family |
Horses are especially significant in Mongolian culture, both for herding and for riding and are cherished as symbols of freedom and strength.
Social Interactions and Community Bonds
For Mongolian nomads, social interaction is vital, despite the vast distances that often separate their homes. Families frequently visit one another to share meals and stories, strengthening communal bonds and sharing news. Hospitality is a central value; any visitor who arrives is warmly welcomed into the Ger, offered food and invited to drink airag as a gesture of goodwill.
 |
| Visiting a Mongolian Nomad Family |
During festivals and important life events, like weddings or births, nomadic families gather together to celebrate with traditional music, dance and wrestling competitions.
 |
| Visiting a Mongolian Nomad Family |
Living a nomadic life on the open steppe instills a unique blend of resilience, adaptability and reverence for nature. Every element of Mongolian nomadic life, from the construction of the Ger to herding practices and culinary traditions, speaks to the deep connection between the Mongolian nomad family and the land they call home.
 |
| Visiting a Mongolian Nomad Family |
Through self-sufficiency, community ties and a profound respect for the environment, these families continue a way of life that has thrived for centuries.
Riding horses with a Mongolian family
Riding horses with a Mongolian family who live in a Ger offers a genuine connection to the heart of Mongolia’s nomadic culture. Horses are central to Mongolian life, revered as companions, transportation and symbols of freedom on the vast steppes.
 |
| Riding Mongolian Horses |
Embarking on a horse-riding adventure with a Mongolian family means learning to ride the steppe horses that are smaller yet robust and suited to Mongolia’s rugged landscape.
 |
| Riding Mongolian Horses |
With guidance from experienced herders, you’ll set off across the rolling plains, gaining insight into the family’s everyday routine, which revolves around their animals and the land. Throughout the ride, you’ll witness how expertly the family moves across the open land, herding livestock and scouting for the best pastures.
A Journey into Mongolia’s Past and Present
Exploring Ulaanbaatar and the surrounding Ger camps is like stepping into two different worlds. In Ulaanbaatar, you’ll witness the rapid modernization of Mongolia, while in the Ger camps, you’ll experience the timeless traditions of its nomadic people. The beauty of this journey lies in the contrast and in the way these two worlds coexist in harmony. As you traverse the vast landscapes of Gorkhi-Terelj National Park and meet the people who call it home, you’ll gain a deep appreciation for Mongolia’s enduring spirit.
This adventure is not just a trip; it’s a journey into the heart of a land where the past and present blend seamlessly, offering travelers a truly unique and unforgettable experience. From Mongolia, our next destination on the Trans-Mongolian Railway is China.
 |
| Trans-Mongolian Railway: Ulaanbaatar to Beijing Train |
Note: Prose in this post received AI assistance from ChatGPT and Gemini.
0 comments